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Character Counts
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Appendices 1-8
Originally the back of Character
Counts, placed here to save space,
and these together constitute a book themselves—
here for the world to see—for more light
Appendix 1. Freemason Internet Sites
Appendix 2. Character—the Sum of Virtues – 30 Lists
Appendix 3. George Bush’s Presidential
Proclamation
Appendix 4. James L. Holly’s Anti-Mason Efforts
Appendix 5 Founding Fathers in More Light:
Barton, LeHaye, & History
Introduction to Founding Father Analysis
Chart 8. Barton’s Founding Fathers in More Light
A. Founding Era – 1760-1805 – Men 16 Years Old+ in
1776
B. Founding Era – 1760-1805 – Men 16 Years Old+ by
1789
C. Founding Era – 1760-1805 –Younger than 16 Years Old
by 1789
D. Founding Era – 1760-1805 –NOT Founders or New
Residents
E. Outside Founding Era – Born Before 1760
F. Outside Founding Era – Born After 1773,
Children <16 Years 1789
H. Tim LaHaye’s 54 Founding Fathers
I. 33 Freemason Generals in Continental Army
J. 85 More Freemason Founding Fathers Not in Barton or
LeHaye
Appendix 6. E-Mails to Paige Patterson & SBC
Experts
Appendix 7. Gary Leazer’s Fundamentalism &
Freemasonry
Appendix 8. Teeny-Tiny Applications of 8 Groups
of 8 Proofs
Little Bibliography in 8 Sets a Little Annotated
The order is, roughly, from information
to history to Grand Lodges.
On “What is Freemasonry?” the following is the text of
a leaflet published by the Board of General Purposes of the United Grand Lodge
of England in 1984:
http://web.mit.edu/dryfoo/Masonry/Essays/ugl-whatis.html
Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply, www.macoy.com, the oldest
Freemasonry publishing and supply company, since 1849.
Freemasons-Freemasonry.com, a huge premier site with many of the classic works
available to read on-line, including Albert Pike, A. G. Mackey.
Masonic Service Association of North America, www.msana.com, pamphlets, masons in congress, medal
of honor recipients, source of many popular brochures and well-organized lists,
including the following:
U.S. Grand
Lodges – www.msana.com/linksus.htm
International
Grand Lodges – www.msana.com/linksintl.htm
Links to other Masonic related sites – www.msana.com/linksother.htm
Freemason.org,
www.freemasonry.org, a web portal to Masonic
sites around the world and home of the
Philalethes Society, the world’s oldest Masonic Research Society
Masonic Info.com, www.masonicinfo.com , has a huge list of famous masons and
info on anti-Masonry. Even includes falsely attributed and infamous masons.
Freemasonry.net,
www.freemasonry.net/links.asp , huge list of Lodge web sites
Freemasonry Today, www.freemasonrytoday.com leading magazine, with links around the
world
Order of Eastern Star, www.easternstar.org with links around the world
Scottish Rite, Northern U.S.,
www.supremecouncil.org, in the 1730’s many Scottish, Irish, and English
Masons moved to the Bordeaux region of France to escape the civil strife in
England. They became known as the “Ecossais” or Scottish Masons, and in 1801
the Supreme Council of 33° was established in Charleston.
York Rite, http://yorkrite.com
World’s Oldest web portal: http://web.mit.edu/dryfoo/Masonry — dubbed the
“world’s oldest Masonic web site”
George
Washington Masonic Memorial, www.gwmemorial.org
Library, Supreme
Council 33rd Degree, www.srmason-sj.org/library.htm
National
Masonic Foundation for Children www.masonicmodel.org,
presents and supports a student assistance program, the Masonic Model Student
Assistance Training (MMSAT) program.
International
Association Legions of Honor is a Shriners
Association consisting of 156 Legion of Honor Units within the Shrine.
Membership requirements are being a Mason, a member of the Shrine and also a
Veteran of the Armed forces. For more information you can access the
International Association Legions of Honor web page at http://ialoh.org.
London
Museum of Freemasonry, www.freemasonry.london.museum, The Library and Museum of Freemasonry is a
registered museum housing one of the finest publicly available collections of
Masonic material in the world.
National Heritage Museum: www.monh.org - click on exhibits —
long-term exhibit entitled “To Build and Sustain: Freemasons in American
Community,” an extraordinary collection, even George Washington’s role in laying the U.S. Capitol’s corner stone.
Washington’s
First Inaugural Speech in New York,
April 30, 1789: see the entire speech at www.ku.edu/carrie/docs/texts/01wash1.htm or at, www.pbs.org/georgewashington/milestones/inaugural_address_read.html
Grand
Lodges
Grand Lodge of England, www.grandLodge-england.org - first
record of the ‘making’ of an English Freemason is Elias Ashmole, the antiquarian and herald, whose collections formed
the basis of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. He
recorded in his diary that a Lodge met at his father-in-law’s house in
Warrington, Cheshire, on 16 October 1646, to make him a Mason. None were
stonemasons. Speculative Freemasonry established on 24 June 1717 when four
London Lodges came together at the Goose and Gridiron Ale House, St Paul’s Churchyard, formed themselves into a Grand
Lodge and elected Anthony Sayer as their Grand
Master—first Grand Lodge in the world.
Grand Lodge
of Ireland, www.irish-freemasons.org - is the
second oldest in the world and the first evidence for its existence comes from
the Dublin Weekly Journal of June 26th 1725.
Grand Lodge
of Israel, www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/9991
Grand Lodge
of Scotland, www.grandLodgescotland.com –
Founded in 1736
Grand Lodge
of Texas: www.grandlodgeoftexas.org
- with one of the largest memberships in the world. Site has a large number of
resources. Charles McKay has taken several of Masonic Education lessons by Mike
Wiggins and the Grand Lodge Masonic Education Committee and converted them into
audio lesions. See,
www.grandlodgeoftexas.org/2004-educational-programs.php
Below are a few good ones: mp3 files of higher
quality and may not stream well in slower dial-up connections, but smaller wma
files will play almost immediately.
The
Five Points of Fellowship:
www.grandlodgeoftexas.org/audio/five_points_of_fellowship.mp3
www.grandlodgeoftexas.org/audio/five_points_of_fellowship.wma
The
Equilateral Triangle
www.grandlodgeoftexas.org/audio/equilateral_triangle.mp3
www.grandlodgeoftexas.org/audio/equilateral_triangle.wma
The
Great Light of Freemasonry
www.grandlodgeoftexas.org/audio/great_light.mp3
www.grandlodgeoftexas.org/audio/great_light.wma
The
Square and Compasses
www.grandlodgeoftexas.org/audio/square_and_compasses.mp3
www.grandlodgeoftexas.org/audio/square_and_compasses.wma
Masonic
Presidents of the United States
www.grandlodgeoftexas.org/audio/masonic_presidents.mp3
www.grandlodgeoftexas.org/audio/masonic_presidents.wma
Grand Lodge
of New York, www.nymasons.org
Grand Lodge
of Washington D.C., www.dcgrandLodge.org
Prince Hall
Grand Lodges; Massachuetts, 1776 1st
Lodge, 1791 Grand Lodge, www.princehall.org — has good list of other 31 other Prince Hall
Grand Lodges in U.S. & beyond; in Texas, 1875, www.mwphglotx.org
Famous
Freemasons
www.masonicinfo.com/famous1.htm — A through L
www.masonicinfo.com/famous2.htm — M through Z
^— This site
also has lists of infamous Masons and falsely attributed Masons
www.phmainstreet.com/suncoast/famous.htm
www.co-masonry.org/language/english/history/famous.asp
Freemasonry is all about
Character Counting, to God and to each other. Freemasonry is less about
Religious Righteousness and more about helping, more about growth than
judgment, more about truth than about finding fault, more about tolerance than
difference, and more about agreement than finding points of disagreement. And
so I add this piece, which was developed for my ethics book, Would You Lie
to Save a Life?.[1]
Today, character can
mean a lot of things, but for the most part it means the total collection of
virtues or vices that make up a person.[2] We intuitively know the difference between the person
with the bad or good character, between the good citizen and the
criminal (even the sane and insane, mature and immature, moral and immoral).
Likewise we know that birds of a feather flock together: people with like character
tend to associate together. And with that, we know that unique personalities
and even unique temperaments are found among those with similar character
where such is a near synonym for reputation.
Character building is
not new, but has a long history. As seen in the bibliography, there was a great
interest before and after WWI, and character building has taken off in the last
twenty years. Character building has been important to every culture we know
anything about. In the U.S., the Josephson Institute of Ethics has led the way,
and its Character Counts programs have been started in many schools across the country.[3]
In these mostly secular
venues, often mirroring the religious, the meaning of character building
always refers to the building of a good character, and without exception the
building of a good character includes the development of several
virtues.
These character building
enterprises and initiatives strengthened and refined the definition of character.
A person who has a strong character has mastered several virtues and good
habits and noble social skills. We shall look at a few of these collections of
virtues after we distinguish between character and temperament.
Outside the religious
worlds, even preceding the secular work on character building, a large amount
of work has been done in psychology on distinguishing temperaments. One the
most popular and well-developed is Isabel Briggs Myers’s Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Every
one should take the Myers-Briggs, if even just for fun. There are many, and
these help us understand each other, respect differences, and help us to
communicate with each other. The Myers-Briggs asks several hundred questions,
and places the person in one of four quadrants, with each quadrant having four
sub-groups. There is hardly a person who has taken that survey who has not been
amazed at their own description after the survey results.[4]
Based upon the MBTI,
David Keirsey has brought
this to life in his Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character,
Intelligence.[5] He has taken the classical four dimensions of
character, meshed them with the MBTI, and interpreted them into our
contemporary settings.
Rationals: engineers (architects like Albert Einstein and
Marie Curie, and inventors like Walt Disney and Camille Paglia) and
coordinators (masterminds like Dwight Eisenhower and Ayn Rand, and field
marshals like Bill Gates and Margaret Thatcher) |
Idealists:
advocates (healers like Albert Schweitzer and Anne Lingbergh, and champions
like Bill Moyers and Molly Brown) and mentors (counselors like Mohandas
Gandhi and Eleanor Roosevelt, and teachers like Mikhael Gorbachev and
Margaret Mead) |
Artisans:
entertainers (composers like Johnny Carson and Barbra Streisand, and
performers like Elvis Presley and Elisabeth Taylor), and operators (crafters
like Clint Eastwood and Amelia Earhart, and promoters like Franklin Roosevelt
and Madonna) |
Guardians: administrators (inspectors like Harry Truman and
Elizabeth II, and supervisors like Colin Powell and Elizabeth I) and
conservators (protectors like Jimmy Stewart and Mother
Teresa, and providers like George Washington and Martha
Stewart) |
Along with the insightful contributions of the MBTI, Keirsey and others
helped us accept the natural differences between temperament: you could say
Keirsey has helped us understand the application of unconditional Love. Under a
sensitive section in Please Understand Me called “Different Drummers”
Keirsey dramatizes:
If I do not want what you
want, please try not to tell me that my want is wrong.
Or if I believe other
than you, at least pause before you correct my view.
Or if my emotion is less
than yours, or more, given the same circumstances, try not to ask me to feel
more strongly or weakly.
Or yet if I act, or fail
to act, in the manner of your design for action, let me be.
I do not, for the moment
at least, ask you to understand me. That will come only when you are willing to
give up changing me into a copy of you.
I may be your spouse,
your parent, your offspring, your friend, or your colleague. If you will allow
me any of my own wants, or emotions, or beliefs, or actions, then you open
yourself, so that some day these ways of mine might not seem so wrong, and
might finally appear to you as right—for me. To put up with me is the first
step to understanding me. Not that you embrace my ways as right for you, but
that you are no longer irritated or disappointed with me for my seeming
waywardness. And in understanding me you might come to prize my differences
from you, and, far from seeking to change me, preserve and even nurture those
differences.[6]
Hear the courageous
plea for caring empathy resident in these statements. One does not need to
agree with the ethics or actions of the person in order to respect their
differences, and in Christian ethics there is certainly a difference between
ethically neutral temperaments and unethical behavior. Truly, it is a
no-brainer that we find all kinds of temperaments in all levels of morality and
immorality. As true—certainly—Jesus found a way to relate and Love all in a way
that the loved person felt loved, no matter their temperament or morals.
Personality is another
way of looking at temperament (or vice versa). Douglas Jackson developed the
Six-Factor Personality Questionnaire (SFPQ) that measures personality
dimensions with each three-facet scales.
Agreeableness—Abasement, Even-Tempered, Good-Natured |
Extraversion—Affiliation, Dominance, Exhibition |
Independence—Autonomy, Individualism, Self-Reliance |
Industriousness—Achievement, Seriousness, Endurance |
Methodicalness—Cognitive Structure, Deliberateness, Order |
Openness
to Experience—Change, Understanding,
Breadth of Interest[7] |
The Taylor-Johnson
Temperament Analysis (T-JTA) has
been used widely in marriage counseling. It graphs the person’s temperament
through a series of about 9 continuums, and between each of these 9 continuums
is a normal range for most of the population. Many good Christian counselors,
colleges, and seminaries use the T-JTA. Most persons spike outside of the
normal range in a few of the temperament continuums. This survey is usually done
by both spouses, then each spouse does one survey as they think and see
their spouse: revelations abound between how one spouse views the
other as opposed to how the spouse views his- or herself.[8]
The main difference
between temperament and character revolves around ethics: temperament has
little-to-nothing to do with ethics (unless one is out of control), and
character is all about ethics. Temperament is about our individual and unique
collection of social and mental and emotional traits running the gamut between
carrying our feelings on our shoulder to the more cold-shouldered, from the
introvert to the extrovert, from the painter to the rock-climber. Character is
about growing in a collection of virtues—though unique—yet have common goals in
love, truth, justice, sacrifice, and service.
The following indicate
the many ways of categorizing the virtues, and we begin with some biblical
lists.
1 Corinthians 12 and Roman 12 Combined |
||
1. Wisdom |
7. Discerning of Spirits |
13. Administration |
2. Knowledge |
8. Tongues |
14. Leadership/Ruleth |
3. Faith |
9. Interpretation Tongues |
15. Exhortation |
4. Healing |
10. Apostleship |
16. Giving |
5. Miracles |
11. Teaching |
17. Mercy |
6. Prophecy |
12. Helping |
18. Love w/out Dissimulation[9] |
1. Love |
8. Forgiveness |
15. Hope |
2. Compassion |
9. Gratitutude |
16. Goodness |
3. Kindness |
10. Wisdom |
17. Faithfulness |
4. Humility |
11. Peace |
18. Self-Control |
5. Gentleness |
12. Righteousness |
19. Purity |
6. Patience |
13. Joy |
20. Understanding[10] |
7. Tolerance |
14. Endurance |
|
Humility |
Purity of Heart |
Blessed – happy[11] |
Meekness |
Peacemaking |
|
Mercy |
Suffering Persecution |
|
Four
Cardinal Virtues following Plato |
Wisdom (or prudence: docility, conscientiousness,
impartiality, tact) |
Courage (or fortitude: triumph in trials, glory in
affliction, moral courage, righteous indignation, industry, thoroughness) |
Temperance (or self-restraint: purity, humility, patience,
meekness, thrift) |
Justice (impartiality, devotion, obedience, gratitude to
God) |
Three
Theological Virtues from St. Paul |
Faith ~ Hope ~ Love[12] |
Four
Cardinal Virtues |
Temperance ~ Fortitude ~
Prudence ~ Justice |
Three
Tenets |
Brotherly Love ~ Relief ~ Truth |
Three Values |
Liberty ~ Equality ~ Fraternity[13] |
1. Self-Discipline |
6. Courage |
2. Compassion |
7. Perseverance |
3. Responsibility |
8. Honesty |
4. Friendship |
9. Loyalty |
5. Work |
10. Faith[14] |
1. Humility 2. Meekness 3. Joyfulness 4. Generosity 5. Love 6. Responsibility 7. Self-Control 8. Truthfulness 9. Deference 10. Creativity 11. Sincerity 12. Faith 13. Thriftiness |
14. Initiative 15. Discernment 16. Discretion 17. Resourcefulness 18. Sensitivity 19. Decisiveness 20. Alertness 21. Compassion 22. Wisdom 23. Boldness 24. Attentiveness 25. Obedience |
26. Honor/Reverence 27. Virtue 28. Determination 29. Tolerance 30. Justice 31. Contentment 32. Forgiveness 33. Loyalty 34. Availability 35. Persuasiveness 36. Patience 37. Hospitality |
38. Gratefulness 39. Enthusiasm 40. Gentleness 41. Punctuality 42. Thoroughness 43. Security 44. Diligence 45. Endurance 46. Dependability 47. Cautiousness 48. Orderliness 49. Flexibility[15] |
1. Joy—Love’s
Strength |
5. Goodness—Love’s Character |
2. Peace—Love’s Security |
6. Faithfulness—Love’s Confidence |
3. Patience—Love’s Endurance |
7. Gentleness—Love’s Humility |
4. Kindness—Love’s Conduct |
8. Self-Control—Love’s Victory[16] |
Honor ~ Courage ~ Commitment[17] |
Determinants: traits: 1. Courage & Strength, face
life-threatening or emotional strain; 2. Honesty, Honest Abe; 3. Kindness,
Loving, Generous; 4. Skill, Expertise, Intelligence; 5. Risk-taking; 6.
Objects of Affection, heroes win hearts & mind |
Depth: timeless, mythical, almost otherworldly; even
diminutive seem larger than life |
Domain: where a hero makes his or her mark, and politics
rank 1st for most heroes, (though usually need to die first), 2nd is
entertainment, 3rd is family members, 4th religious figures, rest coming from
military, science, sports, and the arts |
Database: where we get our information: main sources are
television, radio, magazines; conspicuous by its absence is history class |
Distance: how close we are to our heroes; for most mom &
dad are the heroes[18] |
1. Honest & Trustworthy |
5. Obedience |
2. Kindness |
6. Responsibility |
3. Consideration
& Concern for others |
7. Respect |
4. Compassion |
8. Duty[19] |
1. Trust—birth to 1 |
5. Identity—puberty to 18 |
2. Autonomy—1 to 3 |
6. Intimacy—18 to 25 |
3. Initiative—3 to 6 |
7. Generativity—25 to 50 |
4. Competence—6 to puberty |
8. Ego Integrity—50 to death[20] |
1. Accurate
perception of reality 2. Acceptance
of oneself 3. Spontaneity 4. Problem
centered 5. Need for privacy 6. Autonomous 7. Freshness of appreciation 8. Peak experiences 9. Human kinship |
10. Humility
& respect for others 11. Deep
interpersonal relationships with a select few people 12. Strong
but not necessarily conventional ethical standards 13. Focuses on ends rather than means 14. Nonhostile sense of humor 15. Creative 16. Resistance to
enculturation[21] |
1. Wisdom & Knowledge—strengths to acquire and use knowledge Creativity: Originality,
Ingenuity Curiosity: Interest, Novelty-seeking, Openness to Experience Open-mindedness: Judgment, Critical Thinking: examining all sides,
not jumping Love
of Learning: ability to master new
skills Perspective: Wisdom:
ability to look at world in ways that make sense |
2. Courage—strengths of will to meet goals in opposition, external or internal Bravery:
Valor: not shrinking from threat, challenge, difficulty, or pain; speaking up
for what is right even in opposition; acting on convictions Persistence: Perseverance,
Industriousness: finish what one starts even in obstacles Integrity:
Authenticity, Honesty: speaking the truth—but more, with genuineness and
ability to be sincere; responsible for one’s own feelings and actions Vitality:
Zest, Enthusiasm, Vigor, Energy: approaching life with excitement, not
halfway; living life as an adventure; feeling alive |
3. Humanity—interpersonal strengths involve tending & befriending others Love: valuing close relations, especially those
reciprocated; being close to people Kindness: Generosity, Nurturance, Care, Compassion,
Altruistic Love, Niceness Social Intelligence: Emotional Intelligence, Personal Intelligence: aware
of motives, feelings of others and self; knowing how to fit in and what makes
others tick |
4. Justice—civic strengths that underlie healthy community life Citizenship: Social Responsibility, Loyalty, Teamwork Fairness: treat all the same with justice, not letting
feelings bias, fair chance Leadership:
encouraging group keeping good relations |
5. Temperance—strengths that protect against excess Forgiveness
& Mercy Humility
& Modesty: not seeking
spotlight, no more important than others Prudence: careful with choices, not taking undue risks Self-regulation: Self-control: disciplined, controlling appetites & emotions |
6. Transcendence—strengths connect to larger world & provide
meaning Appreciation
of Beauty & Excellence: Awe,
Wonder, Elevation Gratitude Hope: Optimism, Future-mindedness, Future Orientation:
expecting best & working Humor: Playfulness: liking to laugh, bring smiles, seeing
light side Spirituality: Religiousness, Faith, Purpose: having coherent
world beliefs; having beliefs on meaning of life that shape conduct and
provide comfort[22] |
1. Right
Knowledge,
to supply you with the tools necessary
for your voyage. |
2. Wisdom,
to assure you that you are using
the accumulated knowledge of the past in a manner that will best serve the
discovery of your presence, your “now.” |
3. Compassion,
to help you accept others whose
ways may be different from yours, with gentleness & understanding, as you
move with, through, or around them on your own way. |
4. Harmony,
to be able to accept the natural
flow of life. |
5. Creativity,
to help you realize new
alternatives & unchartered paths along the way. |
6. Strength,
to stand up against fear and move
forward in spite of uncertainty, without guarantee or payment. |
7. Peace,
to keep you centered. |
8. Joy,
to keep you songful, and laughing
and dancing all along the way. |
9. Love,
to be your continual guide towards
the highest level of consciousness. |
10. Unity,
which brings us back to where we
started—the place where we are at one with ourselves and with all things. |
“To
live in Love is to live in life…. To me, life is God’s gift to you. How you
live your life is your gift to God. Make it a fantastic one.”[23] |
Plato’s List from the Republic (427-347 BC) |
|
Wisdom |
Self-Restraint or Temperance |
Courage |
Justice |
Aristotle Added to
Plato these in his Nicomachean Ethics (384-322 BC) |
|
Generosity |
Truthfulness |
Wit |
Magnificence |
Friendliness |
Greatness of soul[24] |
Neuroticism—Worried, Nervous, Emotional |
Extroversion—Sociable, Fun-Loving, Active |
Openness—Imaginative, Creative, Artistic |
Agreeableness—Good-natured, Softhearted, Sympathetic |
Conscientiousness—Reliable, Hardworking, Punctual[25] |
Courage—character in crisis |
Honesty—character and truth |
Loyalty—character in community |
Meekness—character and power |
Diligence—character in action |
Reverence—character and the sacred |
Modesty—character as simplicity |
Gratitude—character in celebration[26] |
Frugality—character and prosperity |
|
Responsibility—being accountable in word and deed. Having a sense
of duty to fulfill tasks with reliability, dependability and commitment. |
Perseverance—pursuing worthy objectives with determination and
patience while exhibiting fortitude when confronted with failure. |
Caring—showing understanding of others by treating them
with kindness, compassion, generosity and a forgiving spirit. |
Self-discipline—demonstrating hard work controlling your emotions,
words, actions, impulses and desires. Giving your best in all situations. |
Citizenship—being law abiding and involved in service to school,
community and country. |
Honesty—telling the truth, admitting wrongdoing. Being
trustworthy & acting with integrity. |
Courage—doing the right thing in face of difficulty,
following conscience instead of crowd. |
Fairness—practicing justice, equity and equality.
Cooperating with one another. Recognizing the uniqueness and value of each
individual within our diverse society. |
Respect—show high regard for authority, other people, self
& country. Treating others as you would want to be treated. Understanding
that all people have value as human beings.[27] |
Trustworthiness: Be honest • Be reliable — do what you say you’ll do
• Have the courage to do the right thing • Be loyal — stand by your family,
friends and country |
Respect: Treat others with respect; follow the Golden Rule •
Be tolerant of differences • Use good manners, not bad language • Be
considerate of the feelings of others • Don’t threaten, hit or hurt anyone •
Deal peacefully with anger, insults and disagreements |
Responsibility: Do what you are supposed to do • Persevere: keep on
trying! • Always do your best • Use self-control • Be self-disciplined •
Think before you act — consider the consequences • Be accountable for your
choices |
Fairness: Play by the rules • Take turns and share • Be
open-minded; listen to others |
Caring: Be kind, compassionate, show you care, gratitude •
Forgive others • Help needy |
Citizenship:
Cooperate, Get in community affairs
• Stay informed; vote • Be a good neighbor • Obey laws and rules • Respect
authority • Protect the environment[28] |
1. Temperance: Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation. |
2. Silence: Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself;
avoid trifling conversation. |
3. Order: Let all your things have their places; let each
part of your business have its time. |
4. Resolution: Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without
fail what you resolve. |
5. Frugality: Make no expense but to do good to others or
yourself; i.e., waste nothing. |
6. Industry: Lose no time; be employed in something useful; cut
off unnecessary actions. |
7. Sincerity: Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly. |
8. Justice: Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the
benefits that are your duty. |
9. Moderation: Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much
as you think they deserve. |
10. Cleanliness: Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, cloths, or
habitation. |
11. Tranquility: Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common
or unavoidable. |
12. Chastity: Rarely use venery but for health or offspring,
never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another’s peace or
reputation. |
13. Humility: Imitate Jesus and Socrates.[29] |
Trustworthy: tells the truth, keeps promises, honesty; can depend
on him. |
Loyal: true to his family, Scout leaders, friends, school,
and nation. |
Helpful: is concerned about people & does things
willingly for others without pay or reward. |
Friendly: is a friend to all and a brother to other Scouts,
seeks to understand others, and respects those with ideas and customs other
than his own. |
Courteous: is polite to everyone regardless of age or position
and knows good manners. |
Kind: understands there is strength in being gentle,
treats others as he wants to be treated, and does not hurt or kill harmless
things without reason. |
Obedient: follows the rules of his family, school, and troop,
obeys the laws of his community and country; if he thinks these rules are
unfair, he tries to have them changed in an orderly manner rather than
disobey them. |
Cheerful: looks for the bright side of things and cheerfully
does tasks that come his way; he tries to make others happy. |
Thrifty: works to pay his way and to help others, saves for
unforeseen needs, protects and conserves natural resources, and carefully
uses time and property. |
Brave: can face danger even if he is afraid, has the
courage to stand for what he thinks is right even if others laugh at or
threaten him. |
Clean: keeps his body and mind fit and clean, goes around
with those who believe in living by these same ideals, and helps keep his
home and community clean. |
Reverent: is reverent to God, faithful
in religious duties, & respects beliefs of others.[30] |
Contentment |
Respect |
Dependability |
Attentiveness |
Kindness |
Self-Control |
Truthfulness |
Patience |
Perseverance |
Thankfulness |
Obedience |
Goodness[31] |
1. Be Proactive is the endowment of self-knowledge or
self-awareness an ability to choose your response (response-ability). |
2. Begin With the End In Mind is the endowment of imagination and
conscience. |
3. Put First Things First is the endowment of willpower. |
4. Think Win-Win is the endowment of an abundance mentality. |
5. Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood is the endowment of courage
balanced with consideration. |
6. Synergize is the endowment of creativity |
7. Sharpen
the Saw the endowment of continuous
improvement to overcome entropy.[32] |
There are no limits to the ways one looks as virtues and personality and
the general ability to communicate. As the following indicates, sometimes we
must stress our English language to look at the purpose itself of the
communication or the personal abilities in order draw up some meaningful
characteristics for those special abilities. Two more areas of huge
significance to our personal lives come into play (to toss a pun) in the areas
of match-making and general leadership. All of the above will be great, but
when I am searching for a spouse—oh my!—there are characteristics that defy all
of the above and that are extremely important and uniquely important. See
e-harmony’s info below.
Character
& Constitution |
||
Good Character |
Dominance vs.
Submissiveness |
Curiosity |
Industry |
Vitality & Security |
Intellect |
Appearance |
Sexual Passion |
Artistic Passion |
Adaptability |
|
|
Personality |
||
Obstreperousness |
Sense of Humor |
Sociability |
Energy |
Ambition |
|
Emotional
Makeup & Skills |
||
Emotional Health |
Quality of Self
Conception |
Anger Management |
Mood Management |
Communication |
Conflict Resolution |
Kindness |
Autonomy vs. Closeness |
|
Family
Values |
||
Family Background |
Feelings about Children |
Education |
Spirituality |
Traditionalism |
Values Orientation[33] |
Neil Clark Warren developed and wrote a very popular work, Finding
the Love of Your Life, and since then it has blossomed into a full-fledged
match-making service broadcasted nationally as www.eharmony.com.[34] The above are only a portion of one section of the
survey’s inventory to help with match-making; clearly, there are elements of
“character” here we would desire or want to know about in a mate but that as
clearly do not fit into any of the traditional categories. One starts the
survey by answering over 500 questions designed to profile the 29 dimensions
that scientific research has shown are crucial to long-term success in
relationships. The resulting profile and matching claims to eliminate 99.7% of
the people who are not right for you. At the start, you grade yourself on each
of 87 different points of self-acceptance.[35] E-harmony’s extensive personality inventory is
certainly a key to its and Warren’s success, and this is probably the most
successful match-making service to date.
5 Leadership
Practices in 10 Leader Commitments |
Challenging the
Process |
1. Search for Opportunities: Confronting & Changing the Status Quo |
2. Experiment
and Take Risks: Learning from
Mistakes & Success |
Inspiring a
Shared Vision |
3. Envision the Future: Imagining Ideal Scenarios |
4. Enlist
Others: Attracting People to Common
Purposes |
Enabling Others
to Act |
5. Foster Collaboration: Getting People to Work Together |
6. Strengthen
Others: Sharing Power &
Information |
Modeling the Way |
7. Set the Example: Leading by Doing |
8. Plan
Small Wins: Building Commitment to
Action |
Encouraging the
Heart |
9. Recognize Individual
Contribution: Linking Rewards with
Performance |
10. Celebrate
Accomplishments: Valuing the
Victories[36] |
Kounzes and Posner’s contribution here seem to be as significant to
leadership study as Peterson and Seligman’s character study ought to become. I
had taken the Covey leadership program and read several of his pithy books.
Then when in another leadership colloquium I was tossed The Leadership
Challenge, we have to had it to these men for articulating and illustrating
these wonderful characteristics.
|
a–b |
|
a–b |
|
a–b |
Honest |
87–83 |
Intelligent |
38–43 |
Mature |
14–23 |
Forward-looking |
71–62 |
Straightforward |
34–34 |
Determined |
13–20 |
Inspiring |
68–58 |
Courageous |
33–27 |
Ambitious |
10–21 |
Competent |
58–67 |
Dependable |
32–32 |
Loyal |
10–11 |
Fair-minded |
49–40 |
Cooperative |
30–25 |
Self-Controlled |
5–13 |
Supportive |
46–32 |
Imaginative |
28–34 |
Independent |
5–10 |
Broad-minded |
41–37 |
Caring |
27–26 |
|
|
Credibility—the single most
important[37] |
One can scarcely
imagine the stress on a subordinate in having to rank such a list above:
imagine your own admired leaders and then rank the virtues. For those we like
and admire, it is very difficult to choose honest over mature, or
supportive over loyal. Between the 1993 and 1987 respondents (a
and b), over 15,000 agreed by a large margin on the top four. See
how those four dovetail so well with the 24 lists above.
A good character is a universal
ethical value, and truly “leadership is a relationship.”[38] In many ways, our character is what other people see
and feel of our heart and soul. From www.GoRu.com—for Golden Rule—we read:
Good character is more to
be praised than outstanding talent. Most talents are, to some extent, a gift.
Good character, by contrast is not given to us. We have to build it piece by
piece—by thought, choice, courage and determination.
Watch your thoughts; they
become words. Watch your words; they become actions. Watch your actions; they
become habits. Watch your habits; they become character. Watch your character;
it becomes your destiny.
Oh, so true, “Do
unto others as you would have them do to you”—as wise a saying as has every
been given, a truly Golden Rule. The person truly living that has then
mastered many of the virtues in the lists above.
There are many
character-building initiatives and no end in sight.[39] Anne Dotson and Karen Wisont have developed a
teaching curriculum to help school teachers teach character, utilizing 36
character traits.[40] Tony Salerno has written an extraordinary little
children’s book that all of us could learn from: The ABC's of Character is
a treasury of 26 character traits from Attentiveness to Zeal, from Boldness to
Yielding, from Contentment to eXemplary.[41]
Before we leave the
description of character, let us look at perhaps the most substantive
nuts and bolts of character education. Tom Lickona, Eric Schaps, and Catherine Lewis’s Character Education Partnership’s (CEP) Eleven Principles of Effective Character
Education have been instituted as standards and guidelines in many
institutions. See char_30 below.
1. Promotes
core ethical values as the basis of good character. |
2. Defines
“character” to include thinking, feeling, and behavior. |
3. Uses
a comprehensive, intentional, proactive, and effective approach. |
4. Creates
a caring school community. |
5. Provides
students with opportunities for moral action. |
6. Meaningful
and challenging academic curriculum that respects all learners. |
7. Strives
to foster students’ self motivation. |
8. Engages
the school staff as a learning and moral community that shares responsibility
for character education and attempts to adhere to the same core values. |
9. Fosters
shared moral leadership and long-range support. |
10. Engages
families and community members as partners. |
11. Evaluates
the character of the school, the staff’s functioning, and the extent to which
students manifest good character.[42] |
Character education continues across the country. An extraordinary web
site at CollegeValues.com lists 80+ colleges with character programs.[43] The Catholic Encyclopedia has an excellent history of
character.[44] On October 20, 2002, President George W. Bush declared
October 19 through October 25. See the following link for the top 200 web sites
on:
http://www.preciousheart.net/Main_Archives/Links_Folder/SUPER_List_Character.htm
Character has been
important in every culture of significance in human history.
National Character Counts Week, 2002
By the President of the
United States of America, A Proclamation
President Theodore
Roosevelt once said
that, “Character, in the long run, is the decisive factor in the life of an
individual and of nations alike.” During National Character Counts Week,
Americans reaffirm our dedication to promoting good character and upholding the
timeless virtues that make our Nation strong.
Our Founding Fathers
understood that our country would survive and flourish if our Nation was
committed to good character and an unyielding dedication to liberty and justice
for all. Throughout our history, our most honorable heroes practiced the values
of hard work and honesty, commitment to excellence and courage, and self-discipline
and perseverance. Today, as we work to preserve peace and freedom throughout
the world, we are guided by a national character that respects human dignity
and values every life.
The future success of
our Nation depends on our children’s ability to understand the difference
between right and wrong and to have the strength of character to make the right
choices. To help them reach their full potential and live with integrity and
pride, we must teach our children to be kind, responsible, honest, and self-disciplined.
These important values are first learned in the family, but all of our citizens
have an obligation to support parents in the character education of our
children.
Our schools play a
crucial role in teaching the skills, knowledge, and moral values that will help
our children succeed. As Martin Luther King, Jr.,
stated, “. . . intelligence is not enough. Intelligence plus character — that
is the goal of true education.” By guiding children to understand universal values
such as respect, tolerance, compassion, and commitment to family and community,
our schools are working to achieve this goal.
My Administration is
committed to promoting character by encouraging public service and civic
awareness. The USA Freedom Corps is helping citizens discover volunteer
opportunities in their communities and spreading the message that everyone can
do something to care for their neighbors in need. This past June, we convened
the White House Conference on Character and Community, which showcased programs
from around the country that are proving that sound values can be effectively
taught.
By affirming the
importance of good character in our society and encouraging all people to lead
lives of virtuous purpose, we can prepare our Nation, and especially our
Nation's children, for the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.
Strengthening our national character will help secure greater opportunity,
prosperity, and hope for all.
NOW, THEREFORE, I,
GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, by virtue
of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United
States, do hereby proclaim October 20 through October 26, 2002, as National
Character Counts Week. I call upon all public officials, educators, librarians,
and all the people of the United States to observe this week with appropriate
ceremonies, activities, and programs.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this
eighteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand two, and of the
Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and
twenty-seventh.
GEORGE W. BUSH — # # #
www.WhiteHouse.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021018-9.html
The best index to a person’s
character is
(a) how he treats people who can’t do him any good, and
(b) how he treats people who can't fight back.
Abigail
Van Buren, Columnist “Dear Abby”
Born Pauline Esther Friedman
Here is clipped
introduction of an extensive critique to James L. Holly’s The Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry.[45] I sent him a copy, and he said his volume III was the
most substantial. I had a chance to engage him in some e-mails, and he admitted
to authoring all three volumes. I did not have space to include it here, but I
placed it on-line at:
www.preciousheart.net/freemasonry/Holly.htm
I was far more
generous with him and had hoped to add something here with respect to our
progress. But he backed out … very much like a coward.
I sent him an
advance copy and gave him time to responde, and he did; you can see Holly’s
reply, his whole letter here:
www.preciousheart.net/freemasonry/Holly_Response.htm
He assailed the
whole book as a diatribe and self-serving, practically admitting he did not
read it or understand how character counts. Like his previous work, Holly
simply complained and failed to address the issues, leaving no doubt as to his
subjective feelings and inability to address the issues straightforward.
Here is the rest of the
story. In our first encounter, we shared a few dozen e-mails prior to our
engagement on Freemasonry, several of which were Christian and cordial and fun.
I had read all of his books, about a dozen of his medical articles, and had
sent him a copy of my large book, Heart of the Living God.[46] We had several good chats before we began on
Freemasonry. Holly knew how to carry on a great conversation and appeared very
intelligent and well-read. Once I sent him my review of his material in
prospect for this book, Holly said he did not agree with how I presented it. We
had a couple of nice exchanges with respect to the cat being out of the bag.
I responded that I had hid nothing, noting from the beginning that I was a
Baptist researching Freemasonry, and I also said that I had not intended to be
a “cat” or “in a bag.”
I would like to say we
had a conversation on Freemasonry—Holly did give me that illusion at the start.
But Holly could not carry on a dialogue on Freemasonry and became more hostile
with each e-mail. I was mild-mannered, but also questioned his Satanic
accusations. In other e-mails and articles, Holly mentioned his utmost respect
for his father who was also an active Freemason. I seemed to be in the place of
defending the integrity of his own father—Holly never countenanced.
Holly did thankfully admit that Freemasonry was not a religion, as if pulling
his own teeth.
We continued to e-mail
for a short time, and I endured his increasing hostility and ridicule. Each
time Holly would e-mail me a snide remark about Freemasonry—like the apron being
the Freemason’s salvation and a mean ridicule therein. I would respond substantially
and kindly. Holly would not respond to any of my comments. He would just merely
send another e-mail on a different topic, with another snide remark, without a
droplet of reflection or conversation on my previous corrective. After about
three e-mails and my substantial responses, it became clearer that he was not
hearing or building on my substantial responses, and he never answered any
response. Like a person with ADDH and burr under his arm, he would just jump to
another topic which he spitefully attacked. That is not how the medical
profession progresses and hopefully not how he keeps up with his medical
practice.
Our conversations on
Freemasonry where nothing like our sharing on Christianity.
Were we making progress
in Freemasonry dialogue? I asked this a couple of times to check the reality of
our conversation. Was he assimilating my previous comments or just ignoring
them? Could we make progress? When he commented on the evil of secrecy, I sent
him a rough copy of chapter 10 on secrecy as an attachment to my e-mail. My
e-mail was substantial, and I asked for some answers to some of my previous
comments.
I sent a mild challenge
to focus the field. Holly sent his most hostile e-mail of all questioning my
faith. I responded not in kind, but allowed that to be the platform to take it
to a new level again, realizing he was getting too frustrated to continue. I
challenged directly his “fiendish devils”[47] remark with respect and contrasting that with his own
Freemason father, forcing the issue of character counting. I asked about the
darkness he talked about and why he could not spell that out.
With the more direct
challenge and wondering about the lagging time, James L. Holly sent me his
final one, stating there would be no more on March 16, 2005, 6:35 PM.
As I thought about you
this morning, I realized that II Corinthians 6:15 is true; it states in the part that which applies to us,
“And what concord hath Christ with Belial?”…
The energy and devotion
with which you are severing [sic] an alien faith places you outside of that
harmony in Christ.[48]
He had thrown in the
towel. And after those introductory words, he sucker punched, for he threw to
me one more cruel remark against Freemasonry and then closed with his statement
that there would be no more.
I responded that evening
with an e-mail that thanked him—again—for responding and catered to his
kindness and intelligence and dedication, even reflecting on the humor of it
all so far, hoping it would not actually be our last. One time, his father’s
dog was shot, and his father took the dead and dropped it on the desk of the
man who shot it. That was a real direct way of closing the issue and completing
the communication process. Could we do the same and just finish the dialogue on
one topic? Surely, fiendish devils did not apply to his father or most
of the Freemasons he knew—I knew that, and Holly should be able to admit. At
least that would have been progress, however minimal.
After I had cushioned
enough, I then went to close the e-mail with a couple of straightforward
observations. I had hoped he would at least address one of my substantial
rejoinders, and I challenged—now documented in our e-mails—his desire to avoid
civil conversation or even fun interaction one topic at a time. He had, I
challenged, demonstrated his inability to deal with one topic at a time thus
far. I drove that home—one topic at a time, like in his medical profession,
where a point is exhausted. I said,
Each of the previous
slights I previously addressed. You say NOTHING. I have some simple dialogue to
your rascal comments below. But your
precedent thus far is NOT to address reason or WHATEVER I say, but rather to
initiate a new tomato of your own creation and slice and dice—increasing your
hostility all along way—until I get tired or you have no more TIME. Will you be
calling me a “fiendish devil” too, BECAUSE your slicing and dicing and
inability to exhaust one topic at a time is NOW truly—sincerely and solemnly—a
“cat in the bag” caught and tied up?[49]
With that, I
re-enforced the rhetoric—now he is the one who does not have the time! I
drove that home and closed. The bag was in his court.
Two days later, I sent
the following with a repeat of the above e-mail—just to pursue the closure.
James,
As I thought about YOU
this morning, I did not need you to tell that II Corinthians 6:15 is true—You
exemplify it in your hostility and inability to carry on a civil dialogue.
With insult after
insult—I’ve seen better in Christian prisoners.
Mike[50]
I do not know if he
erased me from his address book or not; if so, then he would not have received
my last responses. Either way, this does wonderfully illustrate the honor
between us, or rather lack of it, and Holly does become typical of the
malignant anti-Mason. Below is an edited version of the online and very
generous document mentioned above that I sent to Holly for his perusal. To
date, Holly has not responded to one significant element. Holly just knows and
cannot articulate what he knows in direct response to a corrective.
That is no characteristic
of the medical profession or how research progresses.
James L. Holly, M.D., is a physician and founding partner and CEO of
the Southeast Texas Medical Association (SETMA.com, Beaumont, TX). He has
written on several Christian themes, especially on the connection between hope
and health. I obtained copies of his books and indicated that I was researching
Freemasonry. His chief work was in three volumes, The Southern Baptist
Convention and Freemasonry (SBC-FM-I, II,
III, 1992-1994). Especially through the first volume and much correspondence,
Holly goaded the SBC to start a Freemasonry study, and he outlined some of the
chief players and many of his own criticisms of the process in this series.
Holly’s own books document that he wanted the equivalent of excommunication and
official condemnation of Freemasonry—like the SBC was in charge of
churches instead of the churches being the leaders of the SBC. Holly was angry.
Holly’s combined volume
I and II bordered on criminal mischief, and his volume III not much better,
only volume III included a lot of work from others. Holly said his volume III
was the most substantial. Here follows the outline of 60-page on-line critique.
I. Mystery Religions
and the Sanctity of Secrecy
II. Bible on Mystery
Religions and Holly’s Misrepresentation
III. Masonic Authorities
& the Most Theological Section in Freemasonry
IV. Who Knows the Truth
about Freemasonry & Holly’s “Lies”
V. Occultism of Freemasonry
& the Pike’s Meaning of Mislead
VI. Lucifer—Where Did He Come From? … and the Kabbalah?
VII. Knights Kadosh—30th
Degree—Lucifer Again?
VIII. How Can Christians Be
So Duped?—The Question of Character
IX. What Are Christians To
Do?
Volume II of III of Holly’s Freemasonry Series
The following is the
last section of the critique, just like I sent Holly.
This volume is less of a
contribution and more of a lament. Holly uses a metaphor of an appellate court
to start, but I cannot image any appellate court tolerating the low quality of
humming spread throughout this volume.
Holly struggles with the
SBC Home Mission Board and becomes sorely frustrated at them. That consumes the
first hundred pages of volume three, and most of that is about Gary Leazer and how Holly
slices Leazer. Holly very clearly and in numerous fashions tries to prove
Leazer’s bias as though Holly himself was not. The worst thing about these
invectives is how Holly pretends that Leazer could have and should have
accomplished a condemnation of Freemasonry without contacting any
Freemason authorities.
Given the degree of
pursuit that Holly documents, and what Holly reveals about his own pursuit, we
could document in about ten pages how Holly proved that he would not have
settled for anything but total condemnation of Freemasonry. Holly laments
several times that his “630 Page Presentation” should have been critiqued.[51] Holly makes a large point there, only his volumes I
and II did not have enough; Holly even indicates that his volume I did not mean
as much after the SBC study commenced (we are not told what Holly means
by that in volume III).
Gary Leazer was not a
Freemason when he led the first stages of the SBC study, and Leazer chose to
respect many SBC Freemasons and many mighty Freemason SBC leaders in the past.
Leazer was targeted for walking slowly and respecting the character of so many.
If Leazer made mistakes here and there and did not do precisely what Holly
imagined that Leazer should do—that is not a great problem. What is a great
problem is how Holly refuses to give a plugged nickel for the Christian
character of millions. That’s a hell of a problem, especially when you
compare the quality of Holly’s work with Leazer’s.
Holly also attacks
another non-Mason researcher: John Robinson, who became a Freemason after much
research. There are dozens of errors and stretched misrepresentations in volume
III equal to our criticisms above. But I shall only deal with a perfect example
that truly needs corrected. Holly quotes from John Robinson’s A Pilgrim’s
Path: One Man’s Road to the Masonic Temple a passage about the etymology of lucifer. Here
is Holly at the worst, when he concludes, “Did Dr. Lewis or the Trustees know
that Robinson identified Jesus as Lucifer? Why didn’t they?”[52] First off, even though I attack the SBC report and
Gordon with vociferous abandon above, Holly himself did not read what Robinson
wrote. Holly did not read what he accuses the SBC HMB trustees of not
reading. Let’s look a little closer at this.
Holly attacked Gary
Leazer for 170 pages,
including how Leazer had used Johnson as a respected non-Mason Freemasonry
scholar (just the kind that Holly wants). Then Holly asked why Larry Lewis and the
Trustees did not know something about Johnson; that is strange, but obvious.
The answer to Holly’s dastardly question is this: because Gary Leazer was the researcher.
But that is not the
worse thing at all about Holly’s directions and questions here about Leazer’s
use of John Robinson. The worst thing of all is that Holly says that Robinson
identified Jesus as Lucifer. As Holly quoted, Robinson did say “Lucifer is the
classical Roman name for the morning star, and now Jesus is the morning star.”[53] Look at that quote, and then look at Holly’s
interpretation. Look at Holly’s whopping two pages on Robinson. That is
terrible work by Holly that says that Robinson believes that Satan as Lucifer
is Jesus. That is terrible.
If James L. Holly had read
Robinson, then Holly would have seen that Robinson had decided to follow the
interpretation of Hebrew theologians on Isaiah who said the reference to
Lucifer was to the
king of Babylon and not Satan.[54] In that context, whether or not one agrees with
Robinson’s interpretation, Robinson does not force it. What is clear is that
Robinson does not equate Satan-Lucifer with Jesus. Holly terribly misrepresents
Robinson.[55] For God’s sake, take a look yourself. In the limited
passage that Holly interprets out of context, one can see Robinson’s
meaning—but only vaguely. But inside of Robinson’s context, it is so very clear
that when Robinson looks at Jesus, Robinson says precisely what he means, that now
Jesus is the morning star. Excuse me!—but that is precisely what Jesus
himself said, that “I am the Root and the Offspring of David, and the bright
Morning Star.”[56]
I suppose I could
stretch Holly’s meaning to say that Holly does not believe that Jesus is the
Morning Star, and from that impute that Holly does not believe the Bible. That
is how Holly approached too many items throughout volumes I-III. But that is
not what Holly believes in spite of how he treated the word Lucifer.
It is terrible bedside
manners for Holly to return such an indictment upon the Lewis and the Home
Mission Board trustees with so little thought. And Holly clearly slanders
Robinson. With respect to nearly every single quote among several hundreds in
volumes I-III, a page could be written about a ratcheted twist or stretch or
blatant misrepresentation. How Holly drew such a terribly errant conclusion
from Robinson is indicative of all of volumes I-III. That indicates the vast
scope of the problems—innumerable.
See the entire 60-page critique here:
www.preciousheart.net/freemasonry/Holly.htm
and his response
www.preciousheart.net/freemasonry/Holly_Response.htm
Introduction
to Founding Father Analysis
Chart 8. Barton’s Founding Fathers in More Light (revisited)
A.
Founding Era – 1760-1805 – Founders – Men 16 Years Old+ in 1776
B.
Founding Era – 1760-1805 – Men Born 1761+ & Before 1774: 16 Years Old+ by
1789
C.
Founding Era – 1760-1805 – Born 1775, Not Founders But Children at Founding,
Younger than 16 Years Old by 1789
D.
Founding Era – 1760-1805 – 16 Years Old & Older in 1776 – But NOT Founders,
NOT New American Residents
E. Outside
Founding Era – Born Before 1760
F. Outside
Founding Era – Born After 1773, Children, Less Than 16 Years in
1789
G.
Clergymen = 48 in Barton
H. Tim
LaHaye’s 54 Founding Fathers
I. 33
Freemason Generals in Continental Army
I. 85 More
Freemason Founding Fathers Not in Barton or LeHaye
The following is an
analysis of David Barton’s 268 biographic sketches of selected individuals
referenced in his Original Intent. We also focus upon chronological
order and chronological issues for more light. With respect to David Barton’s entire thesis, his elimination of Freemasonry is a
critical failure. Furthermore, the church membership at least, to say nothing
of church attendance (and Barton says nothing of church attendance), for Barton
to have substantiated his thesis he should have been more attentive to a simple
majority of church-going persons and a good number of ministers who were also
Founding Fathers. Yet, we find that 27 ministers of 48 are not Founding Fathers
at all.[57]
Our primary reference
for Freemasonry affiliation came from a comparison with William R. Denslow’s magnum opus 10,000 Famous Freemasons.[58] A few times, Denslow noted doubts about a man’s
membership, and Denslow cross-referenced many times.
To read the chart and
following gradations, note that Barton listed the years 1740-1850 as the
“lifespan of the Founders” and the years 1760-1805 as the “Founding Era.”[59] The terms theologian and minister have
been changed to Clergyman for consistency, with theologian left
to retain it’s unique significance. OI = David Barton’s Original Intent.[60]
Here is an astounding
revelation after a closer look at David Barton’s extensive research.
Founding Era 1760-1805 & 268 Important Bio’s |
Only 188 of 268 are Founding Fathers—85 of 268 attorneys |
164 of
268 Founding 1776 Fathers[61]—69 of 164 are attorneys |
24 of 268 Founding 1789 Fathers[62]—16 of 24 are attorneys |
10 of 268
Founding Children, <16 by 1789[63] |
76 Freemasons in Barton’s Founders |
76 of 188
Founders Freemasons, 40% |
69 of 164 1776 Founders Freemasons, 42% |
8 of 24 1789 Founders Freemasons, 33% |
48 Clergymen in Barton’s 268 |
26 Founding
Fathers Clergy |
27 >16 Years @ 1776—1 of 27 Not Founding Father[64] |
21 Not Founding Fathers – 1 lived in 10th Century |
5 of 21
born before Columbus sailed – 10 died before 1700 |
15 died before 1776 – 5 of 21
<16 @ 1789, 2 of 21 born after 1800 |
Outside Founding Era 1760-1805 |
80 of 268, 30% Not Founders |
37 of 268 Not Founders, Not Born 1760[65] |
38 of 268 Not Founders, Born After 1773[66] |
5 of 268 Not Founders, Not Resident[67] |
Those are numbers that
have a bearing upon David Barton’s and much of the Religious Right’s concern over original
intent of our beloved U.S. Constitution. Moreover, we inserted Tim LeHaye’s list of 54 as well as 33 Freemason Founding
Generals and 85 other Freemason Founding Fathers with short bio’s, and we could
have listed hundreds.[68] We all know that there were more, but not many more
truly significant leaders. The numbers above cannot be seen as closed or truly
representative, just representative of the leaders: the leaders is a finite
number. Surely, there are many more hundreds who were Founding Fathers
of some sort, and many who were and were not Freemasons. The point is with
respect and disrespect to David Barton’s own shuffling. Look, and look close at Barton and
his own rationale. The 268 is his own deduction, and from that we see 76 or 40%
who were Freemasons. In Barton’s many books—all of them together—we do not even
know if 2% of any of the Founding Fathers were Baptist or anything else. We do
not know of any significant church attendance at all. What do we know?
We know that Freemasonry more than any other single institution played a role.
All of that—by Barton’s own rationale—overshadows, even occults his own ideas
of an evangelical original intent. Superlatives fail us here—except
perhaps malignance in Barton’s hiding of that.
In Tim LaHaye, the top two—George Washington and Benjamin
Franklin—were the most influential Founding Fathers and among
the most active Freemasons; after these two, the next five “most-influencing
Founding Fathers”[69] were
Mason 1751-1836, James Madison[70] 1752-1816, Gouverneur Morris Mason 1721-1793, Roger Sherman |
Mason 1757-1804, Alexander
Hamilton[71] 1763-1816, George Mason |
Five out of LeHaye’s top seven were Freemasons, or
71%—remarkable. Then LeHaye gives three more lists: two lists of 16 and one of
15—for 47—that gives us 54 significant Founding Fathers in LaHaye (47 + 5 + 2 =
54). Of the 54, 14 or 26% are unique to LaHaye (u=unique), and 19 of the 54
were Freemasons, for 35%; that means of the 54 Founding Fathers in LeHaye, 24
or 44% were Freemasons. See the list below.
164 with 69[72] Freemasons, or 42% — Please note that I added bio
info from Denslow to complement Barton’s info (editing some of Barton’s too),
but got tired somewhere about halfway through and stopped adding lodge numbers,
etc.; there is so much more.
Mason 1706-1790, Benjamin Franklin, one of the leading
Founding Fathers by everyone’s acclamation, author, scientist, first president
of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting Abolition of Slavery, one of only six
who signed both Declaration and Constitution; in 1727, he organized the Leather
Apron Club as a secret society in Philadelphia (non-Masonic), received his
degrees in 1731 in St. John’s Lodge in Philadelphia, and served every post, and
was then appointed provincial grand master by Thomas Oxnard of Boston on June
10, 1749, deposed in 1750 and appointed deputy grand master, was appointed to a
committee for building a Free-Mason’s Lodge in Philadelphia and took a
prominent part in the dedication of the first Masonic building in American on
June 24, 1755; he printed Anderson’s Constitutions which was the first Masonic
book printed in America in 1734; he visited France, assisted in the initiation
of Voltaire in 1778 into the Lodge of the Nine Sisters in Paris, and
on 11-28-1778 officiated at the Masonic funeral held by that Lodge for
Voltaire. On 7-7-1782 he was a member of the Respectable Lodge de Saint Jean de
Jerusalem and in 1785 he
was elected honorary member of the Loge des Bon Amis of Rouen, France.
1707-1785, Stephen Hopkins, congressman, founder
of library in Providence, signer of Declaration
1710-1785, Rev.
Jonathan Trumbull, Clergyman, businessman, judge, congressman, minister
church in Colshester, CT, Governor Connecticut 1769-1784, only Colonial
Governor who served from start to finish of American Revolution, “probably
contributed more to the Revolution in the way of arms, munitions, supplies,
men, etc., than any other Governor; was a close counsel of General Washington
throughout the War” (OI, 427)
1711-1779, Eleazer Wheelock, Clergyman, popular preacher in Great Awakening,
educated Indians, est. Dartmouth 1770 and remained president until death
1711-1779, John Hart, congressman, signer of Declaration
1715-1757, Rev. Aaron Burr, Clergyman, Presbyterian and college president, called
to First Church of Newark, involved in revivals of Great Awakening 1746
1715-1766, Rev. Samuel Farley, Clergyman, taught Benjamin Rush, president of
Princeton 1761-1766
Mason
1716-1778, Phillip Livingston, merchant, congressman,
signed Declaration, president of the New York Provincial Convention
1720-1766, Rev. Jonathan Mayhew, Clergyman, pastor of West Church, Boston 1747,
preached Christianity on Scriptures and not Calvinism, defender of civil
liberty, including on sermon after repeal of Stamp Act titled The Snare
Broken 1766, well thought of by patriots including John Adams
Mason
1721-1793, Roger Sherman, farmer, cobbler, JP,
congressman, helped with introduction of two houses of congress, signed
Declaration and Constitution (1 of 6), only founder to sign Declaration,
Articles of Association, Articles of Confederation, and Constitution – ONLY signed
all 4
Mason
1722-1803, Samuel Adams, known “Firebrand of Revolution”
and “Father of the American Revolution” (OI, 374), signer on Declaration; Mason no record, purported to be made
one at St. John’s Lodge, Boston, MA
1723-1761, Rev. Samuel Davies, Clergyman, influential in Great Awakening,
Presbyterian, President of Princeton after friend, Jonathan Edwards
1723-1790, William Livingston, attorney, soldier, Brigadier General, signed
Constitution, signer of Declaration
1723-1794, John Whitherspoon, Clergyman, congressman, Presbyterian,
Calvinist churchman, President of Princeton 1768-1776, signed Declaration,
author of theological work
1724-1777, John Morton, congressman, land surveyor, JP, signed Declaration,
believed that his “signing of the Declaration of Independence to
have been the most glorious service that I ever rendered my country” (OI, 409)
Mason
1724-1790, Rev. Lyman Hall, Clergyman, physician,
congressman, signer of Declaration
Mason
1724-1792, Henry Laurens, merchant, congressman, member
of the American Philosophical Society 1772-1792, help negotiate peace with
Great Britain and signer of Treaty of Paris 1782
1725-1776, Samuel Ward, farmer, congressman, founder and trustee of Rhode Island
College now Brown 1764-1776, helped secure George Washington as
commander-in-chief
Mason
1725-1783, James Otis, attorney, congressman, soldier,
author, recognized in England as chief of “the rebellious spirit” (OI, 410),
mentor of Samuel Adams and Sons of Liberty 1761-1769, “was considered the acknowledged
political leader of Massachusetts Bay” (OI, 410), mercifully struck by
lightening ending his tormenting last days
1725-1783, Rev. Samuel Cooper, Clergyman, pastor of puritan Brattle Square Church
in Boston 1747, declined presidency of Harvard 1774, British often ordered his
arrest for advocating American Independence, “close friend of Adams, Franklin,
and other patriots” (OI, 385)
1725-1792, George Mason, congressman, drafted Virginia’s first constitution with
Declaration of Rights from which Jefferson drew the Declaration, refused to
sign because it did not abolish slavery, known as the “Father of the Bill of
Rights” (OI, 407)
1726-1790, James Bowdoin, early delegate
1726-1795, William Prescott, congressman, farmer, soldier, Colonel of Minute Men,
said, “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes!” 1775 (OI, 415)
Mason
1726-1796, Oliver Wolcott, congressman, soldier, Major
General militia, signed Declaration, Governor Connecticut 1796-1797, both
father and son was also Governor of Connecticut
1726-1798, Lewis Morris, jurist, congressman, signed Declaration, first board of
regents of Univ. of New York
1726-1806, George Wythe, attorney, Mayor of Williamsburg, congressman, Professor of
Law at College of William and Mary first chair of law in a college in America
1779-1790
Mason
1727-1795, Daniel Roberdeau, merchant, congressman,
manager of Pennsylvania Hospital 1756-1758, 1766-1776, Warden of Philadelphia
1756-1761, Brigadier General 1776, volunteered in Congress to establish mine
1778 and build Fort Reberdeau to protect
1727-1819, William Samuel Johnson,
congressman, first president of Columbia College 1787-1800, helped organize
Protestant Episcopal Church in America
Mason 1727-1820,
William Ellery, attorney, sailor, signer of Declaration, active in
abolishing slavery, congressman, record of being made a Mason in St. John’s
Lodge, Boston 10-12-1748, on rolls of St. John Lodge No. 4, Hartford, CT, 2-8-1763.
Mason
1728-1784, Caesar Rodney, congressman, soldier, Capt. of
Kent County Militia 1756 Delaware, signed Declaration, rode 80 miles on
horseback to vote for Independence just in time, Major General 1777, president
of Delaware 1778-1782
1728-1814, Mercy Otis Warren, author,
historian, sister of James Warren, author if A History of the Rise,
Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution 1805
Mason 1729-1789,
Richard Caswell, attorney, Major-General in state militia, Governor of
North Carolina, member of Continental Congress, member of St. John’s Lodge No.
3, New Bern, NC, deputy grand master of North Carolina
on Dec. 11, 1787, and grand master Nov. 18, 1788.
Mason
1729-1795, Josiah Bartlett, physician, jurist, President
(Governor) of New Hampshire 1790-1794, signed Declaration; Mason not known but letter to son Ezra said, “I attended a Mason
meeting last night, and as soon as You can I wish you would join the Masons.”
Mason
1730-1781, Richard Stockton, attorney, congressman,
tutored Elias Boudinot, Joseph Reed, recruited Rev. Dr. John Witherspoon for
president of Princeton 1768, Supreme Court of New Jersey 1774-1776, Chief
Justice 1776, signed Declaration
Mason
1730-1794, Baron Frederick William Augustus von Steubun, soldier in Pressian Army, sent
by Benjamin Franklin to serve American Continental Army under Washington 1777,
drilled troops at Valley Forge 1777-1778
1730-1796, Daniel Carroll, signed Constitution, helped with Bill of Rights
1731-1782, Charles Lee, soldier, Major-General in Continental Army, traitor helped
British draw up plan to defeat America
Mason
1731-1796, Samuel Huntington, attorney, congressman
1731-1811, William Williams, congressman, soldier, judge, signed Declaration
Mason 1731-1814,
Rev. Robert Treat Paine, Clergyman,
attorney, congressman, judge of Massachusetts Supreme Court[73]
Mason 1732-1794,
Richard Henry Lee, congressman,
educated in England, made the resolution that led to the Declaration,
proposing, “these States are of a right and ought to be free and independent
States” (OI, 403), signed Declaration, authored first National Thanksgiving Day
Proclamation issued by Congress 1777, helped frame Bill of Rights
Mason
1732-1799, George Washington, Commander-in-Chief and
first U.S. President 1789 and known as the Father of His Country
1732-1802, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, daughter of Colonel John
Dandridge, after husband Daniel Parke Custis died, was one of the wealthiest in
Virginia, and married George Washington in 1759
Mason 1732-1808,
John Dickinson, attorney, soldier, Brigadier-General Pennsylvania
Militia 1775-1777, know as the “Penman of the Revolution,” president of both
Delaware and Pennsylvania and signed Constitution, but refused to sign
Declaration thinking it premature, made Brigadier General of Delaware militia,
fifth president of Delaware in 1781 and resigned in 1782 to become president of
Pennsylvania; made and raised a master Mason in Lodge No. 18, Dover, Delaware under Pennsylvania charter
Mason 1732-1810,
William Cushing, attorney, member of convention that formed the first state
constitution of Massachusetts, appointed as original Chief Justice of Superior
Court of MA 1777, first Chief Justice of the state under state constitution in
1780, and then First Chief Justice
1789 of Supreme Court by George Washington and administered oath to Washington
to his 2nd term 1793; member of St. Andrew’s Lodge, Boston, MA
1733-1797, James Duane, attorney, district judge by Pres. George Washington
1789-1794
1733-1798, George Read, attorney, congressman, signed Declaration and Constitution
(only 1 of 6), helped frame Bill of Rights, Chief Justice Delaware 1793-1798
1733-1804, Rev. Joseph Priestly, Clergyman, scientist, knew several languages, for
French Revolution, moved to America
1733-1806, Richard Law, attorney, congressman, U.S. District Judge by George
Washington, mayor of New London
Mason
1733-1810, Benjamin Lincoln, farmer, soldier, congressman,
Major-General, handed General Cornwallis’ sword at his surrender at Battle of
Yorktown, member of Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Indians and
Others 1794-1810
1733-1816, Samuel Johnson, attorney, congressman, helped frame Bill of Rights, first
trustee of Univ. of North Carolina
1734-1802, Robert Aitken, publisher Pennsylvania Magazine
1734-1808, Peter Sylvester, attorney, congressman, county judge, regent for Univ. of
New York, helped Bill of Rights
1734-1811, Sephen Moylan, soldier, businessman, became General George Washington’s
aide, Brigadier General
Mason
1734-1817, Thomas McKean, attorney, congressman, signed
Declaration, Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, governor of
Delaware 1777 and Pennsylvania 1799-1808
1734-1820, Daniel Boone, frontiersman, hunter, served with George Washington,
1735-1803, James Beattie, author, Professor of Moral Philosophy at Marischal College,
author of Nature and Immutability of Truth refuting David Hume’s work,
which “pleased numerous of the Founding Fathers, particularly Benjamin Rush
(1770)” (OI, 377).
Mason
1735-1818, Paul Revere, merchant, soldier, made famous midnight ride to warn
patriots in Lexington and Concord of British attack and for Hancock and Adams
to flee, made first official seal for the Colonies, made state seal for
Massachusetts, made gunpowder, copper balls, first metal plating for frigates,
the old ironsides, wore uniforms of the Revolution every day until his death
Mason
1735-1826, John Adams, attorney, 2nd U.S. President; Mason St. John’s No. 1, Portsmouth, NH
Mason
1736-1799, Patrick Henry, attorney, Secretary of State by
George Washington, congressman, probably a Freemason.[74]
1736-1800, Benjamin Huntington, attorney, congressman, helped with Bill of Rights
Mason
1737-1789, Ethan Allen, soldier, author, Colonel by
George Washington, Major-General; Mason thought
to have received Windsor, VT, July 7, 1777, but may not, while brother was a
member of Vermont Lodge No. 1
1737-1789, Silas Deane, attorney, minister to France, lost faith in America and
accused of being a traitor for letters seeking reconciliation with England
Mason
1737-1791, Francis Hopkinson, attorney, congressman, first
president of American Philosophical Society 1769, “author of the first purely
American hymn book, setting the Psalms to music” (OI, 395)
Mason
1737-1793, John Hancock, soldier, first signer of Declaration, Major-General of
Massachusetts Militia
1737-1798, Jacob Duché, Clergyman, Anglican, authored political sermons,
asked for recall of Declaration, branded traitor, fled to Britain, later
allowed to return
1737-1805, John Pickering, attorney, congressman, appointed U.S. Judge by George
Washington
Mason
1737-1809, Thomas Paine, soldier, congressman, published Common
Sense (1776), most widely read call for independence, Rights of Man (1787),
and deistic Age of Reason which brought much criticism
1737-1832, Charles Carroll, farmer, signed Declaration, helped with Bill of Rights,
longest lived of signers of Declaration
Mason
1738-1789, Thomas Nelson, Jr., congressman, soldier,
signed Declaration, commander-in-chief of State forces in Virginia 1777-1781,
Governor of Virginia 1781 shortly and resigned
1738-1796, Nathaniel Gorham, merchant, congressman, signed Constitution
1738-1816, Samuel Holton, physician, congressman
Mason
1738-1824, Rufus Putnam, congressman, soldier, est.
first settlement in Northwest Territory, Marietta, OH, appointed Judge in NW
Territory by George Washington, known as Father of Ohio
1739-1800, John Rutledge, attorney, congressman, educated by clergyman father,
signed Constitution, Supreme Court by George Washington 1789-1791, Chief
Justice South Carolina, suffered periods of insanity ended his career
Mason 1739-1812,
George Clinton, sailor, soldier, attorney, president of ratification
convention of the Constitution, known as “Father of New York” (OI, 383), VP of
U.S. 1805-1812, Brigadier General of American Revolution 1777, member of Warren
Lodge No. 17, NYC, served as master 1800, represented lodge
at Grand Steward’s Lodge on May 28, 1800, referred to as Past Master and
honorary member of Courtland Lodge No. 34; many lodges were chartered as Clinton in
New York
1740-1799, William Paca, attorney, congressman, signed Declaration, Governor of
Maryland 1782-1785, appointed U.S. Judge by Pres. George Washington 1789-1799
1740-1821, Elias Boudinot, attorney, author, converted to Christianity during Great
Awakening, signer of Declaration, first president of American Bible Society
1816-21, member New Jersey Bible Society 1818, published “A Star in the West
(1816) in which he attempted to prove that the American Indians were the
ten lost tribes of Israel” (OI, 379)
Mason
1741-1785, Joseph Reed, attorney, congressman, soldier,
Washington’s military secretary, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, said British
offered
Mason
1741-1801, Benedict Arnold, soldier, druggist, bookseller;
hero at Battle of Saratoga, turned traitor in plan to turn over West Point to
British; Mason Hiram Lodge No. 1,
New Haven CT; but May 16, 1781, Solomon Lodge No. 1, Poughkeepsie, NY, took him off for being a traitor
1741-1811, Samuel Chase, attorney, signed Declaration, appointed to Supreme Court by
George Washington
1741-1811, Thomas FitzSimons, soldier, congressman, helped with Bill of Rights, founder
of insurance company, trustee Univ. of Pennsylvania
Mason
1741-1819, John Langdon, congressman, helped with Bill of Rights, signed
Constitution
1741-1821, William Farley, author, congressman
1742-1786, Nathanael Green, soldier, tutored in
Latin and geometry, was Quaker until expelled, Brigadier-, Major-, than
Quarter-Master General
Mason
1742-1790, William Hooper, attorney,
signer of Declaration, congressman
Mason
1742-1798, James Wilson, attorney,
educator, congressman, signed Declaration and Constitution (1 of 6), Supreme
Court by George Washington 1789-1798, first Professor of Law in the College of
Philadelphia 1790 and Univ. of Pennsylvania 1791, with Thomas McKean
co-authored America’s first commentaries on Constitution 1792
Mason
1742-1812, Jonathan Bayard Smith,
congressman, soldier, trustee Princeton and Univ. of Pennsylvania, member
American Philosophical Society
1743-1787, Thomas Stone, attorney, congressman,
initially opposed Declaration because he hated war, but signed Declaration,
helped craft Articles of Confederation 1778,
1743-1802, John Lowell, attorney, soldier,
congressman, U.S. Federal Judge 1789-1802
1743-1811, Francis Dana, attorney, a “Son of
Liberty” (OI, 384), member of Society for Propagating of the Gospel Among
Indians and others 1787-1810
Mason?
1743-1826, Thomas Jefferson,
attorney, congressman, principle author of Declaration of Independence, author of Statute of Virginia for
Religious Freedom, 3rd U.S. President, helped found Univ. of Virginia 1819,
known as Father of Univ. of Virginia
1744-1808, James Sullivan, attorney, congressman,
helped with 11th amendment, member of Society for Propagating the Gospel Among
the Indians and Others, principal founder of Massachusetts Historical Society
Mason
1744-1814, Elbridge Gerry, merchant,
congressman, signer of Declaration
1744-1818, Abigail
Adams, wife of John Adams
1744-1826, Luther
Martin, attorney, congressman, refused to sign Constitution because it did not
end slavery
1744-1826, Rev. James Hall, Clergyman, soldier,
active in American Bible Society
Mason
1745-1790, David Brearly, attorney,
arrested for treason by Great Britain, Chief Justice Supreme Court of New
Jersey 1779, one of compiles of Episcopal Prayer book 1786; Mason first Grand Master of Masons of
New Jersey from 1986 until death
1745-1799, William Dawes, merchant, tanner, one of
famous midnight riders who road with Paul Revere 1775, who warned John Hancock
and John Adams in time to save them
Mason
1745-1803, John Barry, sailor, soldier; Mason Lodge #2, Philadelphia, PA, 10-12-1795
Mason
1745-1806, William Paterson,
attorney, congressman, founded literary society called Well-Meaning Society,
signed Constitution, helped with Bill of Rights, appointed to Supreme Court by
G. Washington 1793-1806
Mason 1745-1807,
Oliver Ellsworth, congressman, to
Supreme Court by George Washington, became Chief Justice, while a student at
Princeton became charter member of St. John’s Lodge at Princeton, NJ, 12-27-1765, studied theology then
went into law, member of Constitutional Convention 1787, “it was through his
insistence that the words ‘national government’ were removed from the draft and
‘government of the United States’ substituted.”[75]
Mason
1745-1813, Benjamin Rush, physician,
educator, congressman, signed Declaration, Surgeon General of Continental Army
1777-1778, on of principal co-authors of Pennsylvania constitution 1789-1790,
Treasurer of U.S. Mint under Pres. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James
Madison, founder of Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery
1774, known as “Father of American Medicine” (OI, 419)[76]
1745-1815, Richard Bassett, attorney, congressman
1745-1819, Caleb Strong, attorney, congressman, signed Constitution, VP American
Bible Society
1745-1823, John Treadwell, attorney, congressman, Lt. Gov. Connecticut 1798-1809,
Governor 1809-1811
Mason
1745-1829, John Jay, attorney, congressman, author first manual on military
discipline 1777, with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison author of Federalist
Papers, first Chief Justice of Supreme Court by George Washington, VP of
American Bible Society 1816-1821 and president 1816-1821, member of American
Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions[77]
1745-1829, Timothy Pickering, attorney, soldier,
congressman, Postmaster General under President George Washington, Secretary of
State under Pres. John Adams
1746-1788, William Churchill Houston, Professor of
Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Princeton 1771, soldier, congressman
1746-1799, Increase Sumner, attorney, educator,
congressman, Governor of Massachusetts 1797-1799, sworn in for third term on
death bed
Mason
1746-1807, Rev. John Peter Gabriel
Muhlenberg, Clergyman, soldier, congressman, Lutheran pasturing in
Woodstock, VA, Major-General, helped frame Bill of Rights
1746-1825, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,
attorney, congressman, Brigadier General, signed Constitution, a founder of
South Carolina College 1801, first president of Charleston Bible Society
1810-1825, VP of American Bible Society 1816-1825
Mason
1747-1812, Gunning Bedford, Jr.,
attorney, soldier, appointed by U.S. Federal Judge by President George
Washington; Mason Washington Lodge
No. 14 raised Sept. 11, 1782 (now Delaware Lodge No. 1) and also served as master of the lodge
Mason
1748-1779, Count & General Casimir
Pulaski, soldier, Brigadier General of Calvary, helped save Charleston,
corner stone of grave in Savannah laid by Lafayette 1824
1748-1782, Martha Jefferson, wife of Thomas Jefferson, her second husband, died early
after six children
1748-1808, Jonathan Mitchell Sewell, attorney,
poet, orator, authored ballad “War and Washington” which became popular in
Continental Army 1776, authored 3 odes sung to President Washington when he
visited Portsmouth, New Hampshire 1789, authored “A Verification of President
Washington’s Excellent Farewell Address” 1798, pronounced a eulogy after
Washington’s death in December 1799
1748-1828, William Few, attorney, original trustee
for Univ. of Georgia 1785, inspector of state prisons, president of Manhattan
Bank 1804-1814
1749-1800, William Blount, congressman,
conspirator to use British, Indians, and frontiersmen to take Florida and
Louisiana from Spain in 1797, later became president of Tennessee
1749-1806, Rev. Matthias Burnet, Clergyman,
pastor of Congregational church in Norwalk, CT
1749-1815, David Ramsey, congressman, physician,
author, History of the Revolution South Carolina 1785, History of the
American Revolution 1789, Life of Washington 1807, History of the
United States published posthumously 1816-1817
1749-1822, Jared Ingersoll, congressman, judge
Mason
1750-1801, Rev. Frederick Augustus
Conrad Muhlenberg, Clergyman, pastor of Christ German Lutheran
congregation in New York 1773-1776, original speaker of U.S. House of
Representatives 1789-1797 where he helped frame Bill of Rights
Mason
1750-1818, Thomas Posey,
congressman, soldier, Brigadier General, VP American Bible Society
1750-1825, William Gray, merchant, soldier,
congressman, VP American Bible Society
1750-1826, Isaac Shelby, congressman, soldier,
moved a lot, helped General Andrew Jackson with treaty with Chickasaw Indians,
VP American Bible Society
1750-1827, William Phillips, congressman, member
of several Gospel societies, including VP for American Bible Society 1820-1827
Mason
1750-1831, Stephen Girard, sailor,
underwrote 3 million dollars to capitalize State Bank of United States, became
“sheet anchor” of government credit
1751-1799, James Iredell, attorney, appointed by
George Washington to Supreme Court 1790-1799
Mason
1751-1824, Rev. William Rogers, Clergyman,
educator, chaplain of
Pennsylvania rifle regiment, militia, and legislature, Professor of Oratory and
English Literature at College of Philadelphia 1789-1792, VP of Religious
Historical Society of Philadelphia 1819
Mason 1751-1829,
Henry Dearborn, physician, soldier,
congressman, at Valley Forge, Major-General, Secretary of War under Thomas
Jefferson, became a member on March 3, 1774, but was not made a master Mason
until April 7, 1777 (a lot was happening between those years), was a visitor at
American Union Lodge of CT, April 7, 1779, and several of his sons
were named after his Mason friends
Mason
1751-1836, James Madison,
congressman, signed Constitution, with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay author
of the Federalist Papers, 2 terms as U.S. President 1809-1817[78]
Mason
1752-1810, Jacob Broom, farmer,
businessman, prepared maps for General George Washington prior to Battle of
Brandywine 1777, drew the map for Washington, signed Constitution, Christian
Ferry Lodge No. 14, and was secretary and treasurer and
junior warden
1752-1816, Gouverneur Morris, attorney, congressman,
soldier, signer of Constitution, most active of Constitutional Convention
speaking 173 times known as “the penman of the Constitution” (OI, 409)
Mason
1752-1825, John Brooks, physician,
soldier, president of Middlesex County Bible Society, Governor of Massachusetts 1816,
re-elected 7 years in a row, friend of Washington, Washington Lodge No. 10
1752-1830, John Davenport, attorney, soldier,
congressman
1752-1844, Gabiel Duvall, attorney, soldier,
Comptroller under Pres. Thomas Jefferson, to Supreme Court by Pres. James
Madison 1811-1835
Mason
1753-1813, Edmund Randolph,
attorney, congressman, voice in Bill of Rights, first Attorney General of U.S.
by Pres. George Washington, Secretary of State under Pres. George Washington
Mason
1753-1816, James McHenry, physician,
soldier, congressman, military secretary to George Washington, Secretary of War
under Pres. George Washington and John Adams, founder and president of
Baltimore Bible Society 1813
1753-1822, William Jones, merchant, soldier,
congressman, Governor Rhode Island 1811-1817, president of Rhode Island Bible
Society, VP American Bible Society
Mason
1753-1823, Joseph Bloomfield,
attorney, educated at Rev. Enoch Green’s Classical Academy, Captain in New
Jersey, personally carried Declaration of Independence to
Fort Stanwix in 1776, member of New Jersey Bible Society, made
Brigadier-General by President James Madison; Mason Bristol Lodge No. 25, Bristol, PA, served as master 1782;
affiliated with Trenton Lodge No. 5, Trenton, NJ, in 1790, grand master of
the Grand Lodge of New Jersey 1789-80
1753-1834, Jonas Galusha, soldier, Governor of
Vermont, member of Baptist Church, VP American Bible Society
Mason
1754-1807, Abraham Baldwin, Minister,
Professor of Divinity at Yale, chaplain in
Revolutionary Army 1777-83, “Father of University of Georgia” (OI, 375) Affiliate of American Revolutionary
Lodge
Mason
1754-1812, Joel Barlow, Minister,
author, poet, epic poem The Vision of Columbus 1807; President of Bank
of Washington; Mason St. John’s
Lodge No. 4, Hartford, CT, “admitted” probably affiliate, Jan.
9, 1788
1754-1837, John Hamilton, soldier, Major-General,
congressman
1754-1841, Joseph Nourse, soldier, congressman, VP
American Bible Society
1755-1795, William Gradford, Theologian,
attorney, soldier, Attorney General of Pennsylvania, made U.S. Attorney by
President George Washington in 1794
Mason
1755-1827, Rufus King, attorney,
soldier, congressman, helped with Bill of Rights, minister to Great Britain by
Pres. George Washington and later by Pres. John Quincy Adams, manager of
American Bible Society
Mason
1755-1835, John Marshall, attorney,
soldier, congressman, Secretary of State under Pres. John Adams, appointed
Chief Justice to Supreme Court by Pres. John Adams, his unorthodox ruling in
1803 Marbury v. Madison made him principal founder of judicial
review, VP American Bible Society, officer of American Sunday School Union
Mason
1756-1818, Henry Lee, soldier,
became part of first Continental Dragoons 1777, Lt. Colonel, pronounces George
Washington as “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his
countrymen” (OI, 403), father of Robert E. Lee
1756-1827, William Tilgham, congressman, loyalist,
appointed by Pres. John Adams as “midnight judge” (OI, 425), trustee Univ. of
Pennsylvania, Chief Justice Pennsylvania, VP American Bible Society, last ten
years of his life refused to wear any clothes not made in U.S.
1756-1831, Andrew Kirkpatrick, attorney, believer
in capital punishment and whipping post, VP New Jersey Bible Society 1810,
trustee of Princeton Theological Seminary, VP American Bible Society 1818-1831
Mason
1757-1804, Alexander Hamilton,
attorney, soldier, with James Madison and John Jay author of Federalist
Papers, aid to George Washington, Major-General, called Aaron Burr
dangerous and was killed by Burr in duel 1804[79]
1757-1832, Robert Troup, attorney, congressman,
judge, helped found Geneva (now Hobart) College 1822, VP American Bible Society
Mason
1757-1834, Marquies de Lafayett,
Captain in French dragoons 1774, joined Continental Army in America 1777 as
Major-General without pay, longtime friend of George Washington, helped get
France’s support, played role in French Revolution, returned for final tour of America at
request of Pres. James Monroe 1824; was a lifetime member of the American
Sunday School Union, known as “Hero of two worlds” and “America’s Marquis” (OI,
401)
1758-1799, Rev. Chandler Robbins, Clergyman,
pastor of church in Plymouth 1759-1799, 1795 church had 2,500 members and was
believed to be largest in Massachusetts
Mason
1758-1802, John Vining, attorney,
congressman, helped Bill of Rights
Mason
1758-1802, Richard Dobbs Spaight,
congressman, soldier, signed Constitution
1758-1803, James T. Callender, wrote History of
the United States (1796), tried for sedition, accused Jefferson of
dishonesty, cowardice, and immorality
1758-1808, Fisher Ames, congressman, “chosen by
the Legislature of Massachusetts to deliver the oration at the death of George
Washington (1800)” and “considered one of America’s premier and most elegant
orators” (OI, 375) and declined presidency of Harvard
Mason
1758-1831, James Monroe, attorney,
soldier, congressman, Secretary of State under Pres. James Madison, 5th U.S.
President for 2 terms 1816-1925
1758-1843, Noah Webster, attorney, educator,
congressman, published Grammatical Institute of the English Language,
America’s first speller 1783-1785, began copyright campaign, visited with Ben
Franklin in Philadelphia for 10 months on Americanization of spelling and wrote
Dissertations on the English Language 1789 and The American
Dictionary of the English Language 1828, helped found Amherst College
1759-1823, Zephaniah Swift, attorney, congressman,
author, first American legal text System of Laws in Connecticut, member
of Abolition Society 1795, Chief Justice Connecticut 1806-1819,
1759-1842, Jeremiah Smith, attorney, soldier,
congressman, Chief Justice New Hampshire
Mason 1760-1824,
Jonathan Dayton, attorney, soldier, Captain in Continental Army 1776-83,
congressman, probably member of Temple Lodge No. 1, was present at Grand Lodge of New Jersey on
Dec. 30, 1788
1760-1831, Richard Allen, Clergyman, est.
Free African Society, 1787, helped “frame Bill of Rights” and ordained a deacon
in an independent Black Methodist church which he helped found (1799),
considered the founder and first Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal
(A.M.E.) donomination
24 with 8 Freemasons, for 33% — Men Born 1761+ & Before 1774:
16 Years Old+ by 1789
1761-1816, Samuel Dexter, attorney, congressman,
member of Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Indians and Others
1762-1829, Bushrod Washington, attorney, soldier,
congressman, nephew of George Washington, signed Declaration, Supreme Court by
Pres. John Adams, executer of Washington’s will and inherited Mt. Vernon,
supervised John Marshall’s Life of George Washington, VP American Bible
Society, one of original VP’s of American Sunday School Union
1762-1830, William Giles, attorney, governor of
Virginia
1762-1848, Rev. Ashbel Green, Clergyman,
soldier, minister at Second Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia 1787-1812,
chaplain of
Congress 1792-1800, wrote historic declaration against slavery, author of plan
for Princeton Theological Seminary
1763-1816, George Madison, soldier, congressman,
Governor of Kentucky, VP American Bible Society
1763-1837, Rev. Abiel Holmes, Clergyman,
Congregationalist, pastor of First Church in Cambridge 1792-1829, historian Annals
of America from the Discovery of Columbus in the Year 1492 to the Year 1826,
first extensive attempt at a history, father of Oliver Wendell Holmes
1763-1847, James Kent, attorney, congressman,
known as the “Father of American Jurisprudence” (OI, 399) along with Justice
Joseph Story
Mason 1761-1811,
William Eaton, soldier, Capt. in
U.S. Army, Consul to Tunis by President John Adams, Naval Agent to Barbary
States by President Thomas Jefferson, elected to Massachusetts legislature
1807, made a Freemason in North Star Lodge, Manchester, VT, 1792, wrote a eulogy for George
Washington, the last verse concludes, “Approving Heaven, with fostering hand,
Gave Masons triumph through this land; And firmly to secure our craft, From
bigot rage and envy’s shaft, Sent a Grand Master, Freedom’s son, The God-like
patriot, Washington!”[80]
1765-1834, Charles Goldsborough, attorney,
congressman, VP American Bible Society 1819-1834
Mason
1765-1845, John Cotton Smith, attorney, congressman, Justice Supreme Court
Connecticut, first president of Connecticut Bible Society, VP American Bible
Society 1816-1831 and president 1831-1845, member American Board of Foreign
Missions 1826-1845
1766-1835, James Brown, attorney, diplomat,
ministry to France by President James Monroe (1823-29), VP American Bible
Society
Mason
1767-1845, Andrew Jackson, attorney,
congressman, 17th U.S. President
1767-1848, John Quincy Adams, attorney, known as “Old
Man Eloquent” for defense of antislavery cause and “the Hell-Hound of Slavery”
for intense opposition of slavery, 6th U.S. President (OI, 374)
1768-1843, Smith Thompson, attorney, congressman,
Chief Justice New York, Supreme Court by Pres. James Monroe and opposed Chief
Justice John Marshall on many issues, VP American Bible Society 1816-1830
Mason 1769-1828,
Dewitt Clinton, attorney, Governor
of N.Y., 1817-21, 1825-28; manager and VP American Bible Society (1816-27),
raised a master Mason in Holland Lodge No. 16 (now No. 8) Sept. 3, 1790, serving as master in 1793, then grand
master of Masons of the Grand Lodge of New York 1806-1819, knighted in the Holland Lodge May 17, 1792, served
grand commander of Knights Templar of NY from 1814-1828
1771-1834, William Johnson, attorney, appointed to
Supreme Court by Thomas Jefferson
1772-1820, James Berrill, Jr., attorney,
congressman
Mason
1772-1834, William Wirt, attorney,
author, congressman, U.S. Attorney by Pres. James Madison, prosecutor in Aaron
Burr conspiracy trail, best known as author of Sketches of the Life and
Character of Patrick Henry 1818, U.S. Attorney General by Pres. James
Monroe 1817-1829, was the presidential candidate for the Anti-Mason Party 1832,
early manager of American Sunday School Union, VP American Bible Society
Mason
1772-1849, Rev. David Lawrence Morril,
Clergyman, studied medicine, pastor of Presbyterian Church of Goffstown
1802-1811, VP American Bible Society 1821-1830, manager in American Sunday
School Union
1772-1853, Charles Caldwell, physician, author,
“first introducer of true medical science into the Mississippi Valley” (OI,
381)
Mason
1773-1827, Thomas Worthington,
congressman, Governor, VP American Bible Society 1816-1827
1773-1833, John Randolph of Roanoke, congressman,
diplomat, descendent of John Rolfe and Pocahontas, minister to Russian by Pres.
Andrew Jackson 1830
Mason
1774-1825, Daniel Tompkins,
congressman, judge, Secretary of State under Pres. James Madison 1814, VP under
Pres. James Monroe
1774-1844, Rev. Abner Kneeland, Clergyman,
Universalist, congressman, translated N.T., liberal,
pastor of Second Universalist Society 1827, expounded pantheism in Boston
Investigator 1831, tried and convicted of both libel and blasphemy
10 with 4 Freemasons, for 40% — Men Born 1775, Not Founders But
Children at Founding, Younger than 16 Years Old by 1789
1775-1850, circa, William Marbury, JP of D.C. under
President John Adams; sued James Madison in 1803 Marbury v. Madison which
jurists claim validated principle of judicial review
1776-1861, Walter
Jones, attorney, Brigadier-General
Mason
1777-1840, Felix Grundy, attorney,
congressman
1778-1844, William Gaston, attorney, congressman,
VP American Bible Society
1779-1843, Francis Scott Key, attorney, author of
National Anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner”, manager and VP for American Sunday
School Union from inception to his death 1791-1843, and VP of American Bible
Society
Mason
1779-1845, Joseph Story, attorney,
congressman, “grew up being strongly instructed in the principles of American
liberty since his father was one of ‘Indians’ in the Boston Tea Party (1773)”
(OI, 423), delivered eulogy on death of Washington 1800, Supreme Court by Pres.
James Madison 1811-1845, considered founder of Harvard Law School, Professor of
Law 1829-1845, “considered one of the most prolific judicial writers” (OI,
424), in 34 years on Supreme Court authored 286 with 269 being majority
opinions, with Chancellor James Kent considered “Father of American
Jurisprudence” (OI, 424)
1780-1842, Rev. William Ellery Channing, Clergyman,
Unitarian, opponent of slavery, Federal Street Church, Boston (1803-42),
opposed to Calvinism
Mason
1782-1852, Daniel Webster, attorney,
congressman, Secretary of State 1841-1843, 1850-1852
1787-1850, Rev. William Cogswell, Clergyman,
trustee of Andover Theological Seminary (1837)
Mason
1788-1857, Albion Parris, attorney,
congressman, Governor Maine 1821-1826, second comptroller of U.S. Treasury
1836-1850
5 — 16 Years Old & Older in 1776 – But NOT Founders, NOT New
American Residents
1711-1776, David Hume, Scottish philosopher, soldier,
many theories harshly criticized by founding Fathers, author of A Treatise
on Human Nature (1739)
1723-1780, Sir William Blackstone, attorney, famous
his 4-volume Commentaries on the Laws of England, “probably more
respected in America than in Great Britain and they became the premier legal
work used by the Founders” (OI, 377)
1735-1794, Beccaria (Cesare Beccaria-Bonesana),
attorney, educated Jesuit college at Parma, reformer of Italy’s judicial code
1738-1816, Rev. Bishop Richard Watson, Clergyman,
England, educator, scientist, author, Professor of Chemistry 1764, Professor of
the Regius Chair of Divinity 1771 Trinity College, answered Gibbon’s attack on
Christianity in Gibbon’s Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire 1776, was one
of two opponents Gibbons respected, authored Apology for the Bible against
Thomas Paine’s work 1796, opposed to war with America and denounced slave trade
1738-1820, King George III, King of Great Britain
during American Revolution
27
0095-0046, B.C., Cato (Marcus Porcius Cato), Roman
Philosopher, fought with Spartacus, became Tribune 67 B.C.
0350-0430, B.C., Plutarch, Greek philosopher who studied
under Aristotle and Plato, believed reason basis of all consciousness, “pure
intelligence of God” (OI, 414), author of Morals
1100-1155, Gratian, Clergyman, theologian,
order of St. Benedict, his Harmony of Conflicting Canons also known as Gratian’s
Decrees “was at the time thought by Popes and Bishops to be the most
important book on church law; is considered the ‘Father of Canon Law’” (OI,
392)
1320-1384, John Wycliffe, Clergyman, master
of Balliol College, England, “discovered that a relationship with God could be
obtained without help of a priest or sacraments” (OI, 432), taught Scriptures were
supreme authority, Rome pronounced him heretic, first person to try to
translate Bible into English, after death full translation of Latin Vulgate
into English 1388, followers became Lollards with John Huss spread Wycliffe
teachings to nearly a national religion, known as “The Morning Star of the
Reformation” (OI, 433) and Luther quoted from him a lot
1373-1415, John Huss, Clergyman, Catholic
Priest, Bohemian reformer, study of Scripture
1451-1506, Christopher Columbus, 1492 sailed to
America
1483-1546, Rev. Martin Luther, Clergyman,
responsible for the Protestant Reformation
1490-1536, William Tyndale, Clergyman,
theologian, trans. N.T., completed octavo edition 1526, author of Parable of
the Wicked Mammon and Obedience of a Christian Man two main principles
of the English Reformation and argued for supremacy of Scriptures
1533-1592, Michel de Montaigne, attorney,
congressman, in France
1550-1650, circa, Puritans, sought strict religious life,
purify Church of England
1552-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh, England, sailor,
explorer, given 40,000 acres in Ireland, first settlers on Roanoke Island 1585,
of second trip, Virginia Dare was born, becoming first English child born on
American continent, eventually est. Jamestown, first permanent est. on
continent
1553-1600, Rev. Richard Hooker, Clergyman,
theologian, political philosopher, The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity and
considered the “Father of Anglicanism” (OI, 395)
1579-1633, Father Andrew White, Clergyman, English
mission field, exiled to France, entered Society of Jesus (1605-1609),
Professor of Theology, wrote famous Declaration Coloniae which provided
purposes of colonies and terms of settlers, known as “The Apostle of Maryland”
(OI, 430)
1583-1645, Hugo Grotius, Clergyman,
attorney, one of the founders of international law, with publication of On
the Law of War and Peace 1625
1588-1649, John Winthrop, attorney, congressman,
“first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony because he wanted to establish a
Bible Commonwealth free from the ‘corruption’ of the Church of England”
1629-1634, 1637-1640, 1642-1644, 1646-1649, (OI, 431), est. first Church in
Boston, wrote History of New England
1603-1684, Roger Williams, Clergyman, emigrated to Purity Colony 1624,
non-conformist and extreme separatist, insisted on complete repudiation of
Church of England, pastored Plymouth 1632-1633, Salem in defiance of General
Court 1634, convicted of spreading “dangerous opinions” 1635 (OI, 430), founded
Providence and Colony of Rhode Island on basis of complete religious toleration
1636, founded first Baptist church in America 1639, got patent on Rhode Island
from England 1643, 1st President of Rhode Island 1654-1657
1605-1675, Cecilius Calvert, charter for Maryland,
granting him “rights of a feudal sovereign” but never visited
1620-1700, Pilgrims, means wanderer, typically
Congregational in belief, “spiritual form of church government they embraced
was closer to that of a republic than that of a monarchy or oligarchy” (OI,
413-414)
1632-1694, Samuel de Puffendorf, Clergyman,
Sweden, Lutheran, congressman, political philosopher, published complete system
of universal law 1660, Eight Books on the Law of Nature and Nations 1672
and summary On the Duty of Man and Citizen 1673, became historian for
Swedish King 1677
1632-1704, John Locke, Clergyman, political
philosopher, Theologian, author, Letter Concerning Toleration (1689), An
Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1693), and The Reasonableness of
Christianity (1695)—not necessarily clergy
1637-1715, Charles Calvert, 2nd proprietor of Maryland
1644-1718, William Penn, Clergyman,
congressman, est. government of and became Governor of Pennsylvania, “holy
experiment” (OI, 412)
1658-1743, Rev. James Blair, Clergyman,
Episcopal, missionary to Virginia, helped found and became president of William
and Mary College (1692)
1688-1747, Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, Clergyman,
pastor of Congregational church at Elizabethtoown, NJ, 40 years, first
president of College of New Jersey, later Princeton
1689-1755, Charles Louis Secondat Baron de la Brede et
de Montesquieu, political philosopher in France, author The Spirit of
Laws (1748), his theory of three distinct forms of government, “the
separation of powers,” and “checks and balances” became part of American
constitutional philosophy
1689-1781, Farfaxes, William, George, Sarrah Cary
Fairfax, landowner, President of Council on Virginia
1703-1758, Rev. Jonathan Edwards, Clergyman,
Congregationalist, leader of Great Awakening, president of Princeton
38
1791-1873, Peter Vroom, attorney, congressman,
judge, Governor of New Jersey 1829, 1831, 1833-1836, Chief Justice New Jersey
1853, VP American Bible Society, VP American Colonization Society, member of
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
Mason
1792-1875, Charles Finney, Clergyman,
Mason then anti-Mason, attorney, 1821 religious experience, revivals spread
through New York, New England, 1824-1834, weekly New York Evangelist,
president of Oberlin College, abolitionist and anti-Mason, yet had
received degrees in Meridian Sun Lodge No. 32, Warren, CT, 1816, served as secretary pro tem at
2-24-1820, discharged at his own request on 5-6-1824 when he received his
license to as a minister by St. Lawrence Presbytery; he even published
anti-Masonic newspaper The Christian Cynosure with David Blanchard and
Bishop David Edwards in formation of National Christian Association 1868 whose
purpose was to oppose all secret societies, and this grew into the American
Party in 1872 which was short lived; dissension and jealousies in ranks made
movement die
1795-1858, Dred Scott, slave on Virginia
plantation of Captain Peter Blow, passed to several owners, wealthy sons of
Blow filled suits in Missouri State courts to free Scott, Supreme Court ruled
could not free him while in another state, later emancipated by Taylor Blow
1801-1841, Napoleon Achille Murat, congressman,
accompanied Lafayette on final tour of America 1824, alderman of Tallahassee
1824 and mayor in 1825
1802-1876, Harriet Martineau, England, deaf,
author, Society in America from visit 1834-1836
1803-1882, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Clergyman,
Unitarian, Second Unitarian Church Bonston 1829, abolitionists, formed
Transcendental Club 1836, “leading figure in removing all vestiges of
Christianity from Unitarianism by the introduction of mysticism and
transcendentalism into that movement” (OI, 388)
1805-1859, Alexis Henri Charles Maurice Clerel Comte
de Tocqueville, French observer of America, wrote De la Démocratie en
Améerique (Democracy in America) and “wrote first book of reasoned politics
on democratic government in America and concluded that equality of condition
was the foundation of American democracy and was amazed that without violence
America had been transformed from what was essentially aristocratic rule to a
more extended suffrage” (OI, 426)
1809-1865, Abraham Lincoln, attorney, 16th U.S.
President
1809-1894, Robert Winthrop, attorney, congressman,
member of Massachusetts Historical Society 1839-1894
1823-1896, Charles Carleton Coffin, author,
congressman
1826-1906, Christopher Columbus Langdell,
attorney, Dane Professor of Law at Harvard Law School 1870-1895, originator of
case-law method of study from Darwin’s thesis of evolution as applied to law, where
decisions by judges become standard of law rather than literal wording of the
Constitution
Mason
1831-1881, James A. Garfield, Clergyman,
attorney, Christian Church, Professor of Ancient Languages and Literature in
Hiram College, Ohio 1856, president 1857-1861, congressman, Civil War
Brigadier-General, 12th President of U.S.
1831-1900, William Wirt Henry, attorney,
congressman, compiler of work of Patrick Henry
Mason
1833-1899, Robert Ingersol,
attorney, soldier, congressman, known as “The Great Agnostic” (OI, 397), for
following Darwinism and humanistic rationalism
1841-1932, Oliver Wendell Holmes, attorney,
appointed Supreme Court by Theodore Roosevelt 1902-1932
1856-1941, Louis Brandis, attorney, to Supreme
Courty by President Woodrow Wilson
1862-1948, Charles Evans Hughes, congressman,
Governor of New York 1906-1910, appointed Chief Justice Supreme Court by Pres.
Herbert Hoover
1870 - 1938, Benjamin Cardozo, attorney, Supreme
Court by Pres. Herbert Hoover, judicial positivism
Mason
1870-1964, Roscoe Pound, attorney,
legal scholar, dean of Harvard Divinity 1899-1903, helped Taiwan judicial
system, legal positivist, shared with Learned Hand reputation of being nation’s
leading jurist outside of the U.S. Supreme Court
1874-1948, Charles Beard, and wife Mary
(1876-1958), historians, political scientists, authors, including History of
the United States (1921) and Rise of American Civilization (1942)
1874-1950, William E. Woodward, author, VP and
director of several banks, New American History, considered by many to
be blatant revisionist
1878-1949, James Truslow Adams, historian
1882-1965, Felix Frankferter, attorney, Professor
of Law Harvard 1914, founder of ACLU 1920, advisor to FDR, appointed to Supreme
Court 1939-1962
1891-1974, Earl Warren, attorney, first to win
both Democratic and Republican nomination for Governor 1946, Supreme Court by
Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower 1952, Chief Justice 1953-1969, chairman of
investigation of assassination of President Kennedy, liberal to extreme on
civil liberties, helping to reshape Constitution into evolving document,
involved in Court “assault on public religious expressions” (OI, 428)
Mason
1892-1954, Robert Houghwout Jackson,
attorney, appointed by FDR to general counsel to Bureau of Internal Revenue
1934, Attorney General under FDR, appointed to International Military Tribunal
for Nürmberg Trials by Pres. Harry S. Truman 1945
1898-1980, William Orville Douglas, attorney,
author, appointed by Pres. Franklin Roosevelt to Supreme Court and stayed
longer than any in history (1939-1975), wrote Almanac of Liberty 1954
1900-1989, Claude Pepper, attorney, congressman,
sponsored bill that halted mandatory retirement for most Federal employees
1906-1990, circa, William Brennan, attorney, Supreme
Court by President Dwight Eisenhower 1956-1990, “believed that the
Constitution’s meaning should evolve to fit the changing standards of society;
he struck down school prayer, upheld flag desecration, and upheld abortion”
(OI, 380)
1907-1995, Warren Burger, attorney, to Supreme
Court by Richard Nixon, moderate, controversial on abortion, affirmative
action, separation of church and state
1908-1993, Thurgood Marshall, attorney, first
African American to Supreme Court by Pres. Lyndon Johnson 1967-1992, liberal,
affirmed right to have obscene material, opposed death penalty
1913-2000, circa, George Smathers, attorney, soldier,
congressman
1915-1985, Potter Stewart, attorney, sailor,
congressman, Supreme Court by Pres. Dwight De. Eisenhower 1958-1981, swing
vote, moderate and at times liberal
1917-2000, circa, Byron White, attorney, sailor,
congressman, was “Whizzer” for abilities as a running back, Supreme Court by
Pres. John F. Kennedy
1920-2000, circa, John Paul Steven, attorney, sailor,
Seventh Circuit by Pres. Gerald Ford, Supreme Court 1975, liberal and
conservative on issues
1924-2005, William Rehnquist, attorney, Supreme
Court by Pres. Richard Nixon 1972, to Chief Justice by Pres. Ronald Regan 1986,
considered conservative and Court’s best historical scholars
1936-2000, Anthony Mcloed Kennedy, attorney,
appointed Supreme Court by Pres. Ronald Regan
1936-2005, circa, Antonin Scalia, attorney, Supreme Court
by Pres. Ronald Regan 1986, conservative
1948-2005, circa, Clarence Thomas, attorney, Supreme Court by Pres. George Bush 1991,
approved by smallest margin in over 100 years, conservative on all issues
upholding original intent
48
– 15 Before 1776; 28 >16 Years Old in 1776; 5 <16 Years Old
in 1789
1100-1155, Gratian, Clergyman, theologian, order of
St. Benedict, his Harmony of Conflicting Canons also known as Gratian’s
Decrees “was at the time thought by Popes and Bishops to be the most
important book on church law; is considered the ‘Father of Canon Law’” (OI,
392)
1320-1384, John Wycliffe, Clergyman, master of Balliol
College, England, “discovered that a relationship with God could be obtained
without help of a priest or sacraments” (OI, 432), taught Scriptures were
supreme authority, Rome pronounced him heretic, first person to try to
translate Bible into English, after death full translation of Latin Vulgate
into English 1388, followers became Lollards with John Huss spread Wycliffe
teachings to nearly a national religion, known as “The Morning Star of the
Reformation” (OI, 433) and Luther quoted from him a lot
1373-1415, John Huss, Clergyman, Catholic Priest,
Bohemian reformer, study of Scripture
1483-1546, Rev. Martin Luther, Clergyman, responsible for
the Protestant Reformation
1490-1536, William Tyndale, Clergyman, theologian,
trans. N.T., completed octavo edition 1526, author of Parable of the Wicked
Mammon and Obedience of a Christian Man two main principles of the
English Reformation and argued for supremacy of Scriptures
1553-1600, Rev. Richard Hooker, Clergyman, theologian, political
philosopher, The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity and considered the
“Father of Anglicanism” (OI, 395)
1579-1633, Father Andrew White, Clergyman, English mission
field, exiled to France, entered Society of Jesus (1605-1609), Professor of
Theology, wrote famous Declaration Coloniae which provided purposes of
colonies and terms of settlers, known as “The Apostle of Maryland” (OI, 430)
1583-1645, Hugo Grotius, Clergyman, attorney, one of
the founders of international law, with publication of On the Law of War and
Peace 1625
1603-1684, Roger Williams, Clergyman, emigrated to
Purity Colony 1624, non-conformist and extreme separatist, insisted on complete
repudiation of Church of England, pastored Plymouth 1632-1633, Salem in
defiance of General Court 1634, convicted of spreading “dangerous opinions”
1635 (OI, 430), founded Providence and Colony of Rhode Island on basis of
complete religious toleration 1636, founded first Baptist church in America
1639, obtained patent on Rhode Island from England 1643, first President of
Rhode Island 1654-1657
1632-1694, Samuel de Puffendorf, Clergyman, Sweden,
Lutheran, congressman, political philosopher, published complete system of
universal law 1660, Eight Books on the Law of Nature and Nations 1672
and summary On the Duty of Man and Citizen 1673, became historian for
Swedish King 1677
1632-1704, John Locke, Clergyman, political
philosopher, Theologian, author, Letter Concerning Toleration (1689), An
Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1693), and The Reasonableness of
Christianity (1695)—not necessarily clergy
1644-1718, William Penn, Clergyman, congressman,
est. government of and became Governor of Pennsylvania, “holy experiment” (OI,
412)
1658-1743, Rev. James Blair, Clergyman, Episcopal,
missionary to Virginia, helped found and became president of William and Mary
College (1692)
1688-1747, Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, Clergyman, pastor of
Congregational church at Elizabethtoown, NJ, 40 years, first president of
College of New Jersey, later Princeton
1703-1758, Rev. Jonathan Edwards, Clergyman, Congregationalist,
leader of Great Awakening, president of Princeton
>16 in 1776 – 4 of 28 Clergy Freemasons, for
14%--------------------
1710-1785, Rev. Jonathan Trumbull, Clergyman,
businessman, judge, congressman, minister church in Colshester, CT, Governor Connecticut
1769-1784, only Colonial Governor who served from start to finish of American
Revolution, “probably contributed more to the Revolution in the way of arms,
munitions, supplies, men, etc., than any other Governor; was a close counsel of
General Washington throughout the War” (OI, 427)
1711-1779, Eleazer Wheelock, Clergyman, popular
preacher in Great Awakening, educated Indians, est. Dartmouth 1770 and remained
president until death
1715-1757, Rev. Aaron Burr, Clergyman, Presbyterian and
college president, called to First Church of Newark, involved in revivals of
Great Awakening 1746
1715-1766, Rev. Samuel Farley, Clergyman, taught Benjamin
Rush, president of Princeton 1761-1766
1716-1778, Phillip Livingston, merchant, congressman,
signed Declaration, president of the New York Provincial Convention
1720-1766, Rev. Jonathan Mayhew, Clergyman, pastor of
West Church, Boston 1747, preached Christianity on Scriptures and not
Calvinism, defender of civil liberty, including on sermon after repeal of Stamp
Act titled The Snare Broken 1766, well thought of by patriots including
John Adams
1723-1761, Rev. Samuel Davies, Clergyman, influential in
Great Awakening, Presbyterian, President of Princeton after friend, Jonathan
Edwards
1723-1794, John Whitherspoon, Clergyman,
congressman, Presbyterian, Calvinist churchman, President of Princeton
1768-1776, signed Declaration, author of theological work
1724-1790, Rev. Lyman Hall, Clergyman, physician,
congressman, signer of Declaration
1725-1783, Rev. Samuel Cooper, Clergyman, pastor of
puritan Brattle Square Church in Boston 1747, declined presidency of Harvard
1774, British often ordered his arrest for advocating American Independence,
“close friend of Adams, Franklin, and other patriots” (OI, 385)
1731-1814, Rev. Robert Treat Paine, Clergyman, attorney,
congressman, judge of Massachusetts Supreme Court
1733-1804, Rev. Joseph Priestly, Clergyman, scientist,
knew several languages, for French Revolution, moved to America
1737-1798, Jacob Duché, Clergyman, Anglican,
authored political sermons, asked for recall of Declaration, branded traitor,
fled to Britain, later allowed to return
1738-1816, Rev. Bishop Richard Watson, Clergyman,
England, educator, scientist, author, Professor of Chemistry 1764, Professor of
the Regius Chair of Divinity 1771 Trinity College, answered Gibbon’s attack on
Christianity in Gibbon’s Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire 1776, was one
of two opponents Gibbons respected, authored Apology for the Bible against
Thomas Paine’s work 1796, opposed to war with America and denounced slave trade
1744-1826, Rev. James Hall, Clergyman, soldier, active in
American Bible Society
Mason,
1746-1807, Rev. John
Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, Clergyman, soldier, congressman,
Lutheran pasturing in Woodstock, VA, Major-General, helped frame Bill of Rights
1749-1806, Rev. Matthias Burnet, Clergyman, pastor of
Congregational church in Norwalk, CT
Mason,
1750-1801, Rev. Frederick
Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg, Clergyman, pastor of Christ
German Lutheran congregation in New York 1773-1776, original speaker of U.S.
House of Representatives 1789-1797 where he helped frame Bill of Rights
Mason,
1751-1824, Rev. William
Rogers, Clergyman, educator, chaplain of
Pennsylvania rifle regiment, militia, and legislature, Professor of Oratory and
English Literature at College of Philadelphia 1789-1792, VP of Religious
Historical Society of Philadelphia 1819
1754-1807, Abraham Baldwin, Clergyman, Professor of
Divinity at Yale, chaplain in
Revolutionary Army 1777-83, “Father of University of Georgia” (OI, 375)
1754-1812, Joel Barlow, Clergyman, author, poet,
President of Bank of Washington
1755-1795, William Gradford, Clergyman, Theologian,
attorney, soldier, Attorney General of Pennsylvania, made U.S. Attorney by
President George Washington in 1794
1758-1799, Rev. Chandler Robbins, Clergyman, pastor of
church in Plymouth 1759-1799, 1795 church had 2,500 members and was believed to
be largest in Massachusetts
1760-1831, Richard Allen, Clergyman, est. Free
African Society, 1787, helped “frame Bill of Rights” and ordained a deacon in
an independent Black Methodist church which he helped found (1799), considered
the founder and first Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.)
donomination
1762-1848, Rev. Ashbel Green, Clergyman, soldier, minister at
Second Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia 1787-1812, chaplain of Congress
1792-1800, wrote historic declaration against slavery, author of plan for
Princeton Theological Seminary
1763-1837, Rev. Abiel Holmes, Clergyman, Congregationalist,
pastor of First Church in Cambridge 1792-1829, historian Annals of America
from the Discovery of Columbus in the Year 1492 to the Year 1826, first
extensive attempt at a history, father of Oliver Wendell Holmes
Mason,
1772-1849, Rev. David
Lawrence
Morril,
Clergyman, studied medicine, pastor of Presbyterian Church of Goffstown
1802-1811, VP American Bible Society 1821-1830, manager in American Sunday
School Union
1774-1844, Rev. Abner Kneeland, Clergyman, Universalist, congressman, translated N.T., liberal, pastor of
Second Universalist Society 1827, expounded pantheism in Boston Investigator
1831, tried and convicted of both libel and blasphemy
<16 in 1789 – 2 of 5 Freemasons for
40%-------------------
1780-1842, Rev. William Ellery Channing, Clergyman, Unitarian, opponent
of slavery, Federal Street Church, Boston (1803-42), opposed to Calvinism
1787-1850, Rev. William Cogswell, Clergyman, trustee of Andover
Theological Seminary (1837)
Mason,
1792-1875, Charles
Finney,
Clergyman, attorney, 1821 religious experience, revivals spread through
New York, New England, 1824-1834, weekly New York Evangelist, president
of Oberlin College, abolitionist and anti-Mason
1803-1882, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Clergyman, Unitarian, Second
Unitarian Church Bonston 1829, abolitionists, formed Transcendental Club 1836,
“leading figure in removing all vestiges of Christianity from Unitarianism by
the introduction of mysticism and transcendentalism into that movement” (OI,
388)
Mason,
1831-1881, James
A. Garfield,
Clergyman, attorney, Christian Church, Professor of Ancient Languages
and Literature in Hiram College, Ohio 1856, president 1857-1861, congressman,
Civil War Brigadier-General, 12th President of U.S.
As mentioned above,
LaHaye’s top two were Freemasons George Washington and Benjamin Franklin,
followed by Freemasons James Madison, Roger Sherman, and Alexander Hamilton,
and non-Masons Gouverneur Morris and George Mason. Five out of LeHaye’s top
seven were Freemasons, or 71%—remarkable. Then LeHaye give three more lists:
two lists of 16 and one of 15—for 47—that gives us 54 significant Founding
Fathers in LaHaye (47 + 5 + 2 = 54). Of the 54, 14 or 26% are unique to LaHaye
(u=unique), and 19 of the 54 were Freemasons, for 35%; that means of the 54
Founding Fathers in LeHaye, 24 or 44% were Freemasons.
16 [81]
Mason
1754-1807, Abraham Baldwin, Congregationalist, army chaplain, lawyer, congressman
1745-1815, Richard Bassett, Methodist, lawyer, captain in Revolution, Governor
Mason
1747-1812, Gunning Bedford, Presbyterian,
lawyer, state attorney general, member Continental Congress
Mason
u1732-1800, John Blair, Episcopalian, leader in Revolution, Supreme Court
Justice
Mason
1745-1790, David Brearly, Episcopalian, lawyer, colonel in Revolution, Chief
Justice
Mason
1752-1810, Jacob Broom, Lutheran, surveyor, banker, developed Delaware
1732-1803, John Dickinson, Quaker, Episcopalian, lawyer, congressman, helped
draft articles of confederation
1727-1819, William Samuel Johnson, Anglican Clergyman, first president of King’s College NY, great grandson of
Robert Johnson who immigrated to America in 1638 to assist in founding godly
commonwealth at New Haven
Mason
1755-1827, Rufus King, Episcopalian, lawyer, congressman
Mason
1741-1819, John Langdon, Congregationalist, congressman
1723-1790, William Livingston, Presbyterian, lawyer, Brigadier General,
Governor NJ, congressman
Mason
1753-1816, James McHenry, Presbyterian, physician, soldier, congressman,
directed est. of West Point
Mason
1745-1806, William Paterson, Presbyterian, congressman, Supreme Court justice
1746-1825, Charles Cotsworth
Pinckney, Episcopalian, statesman, lawyer, congressman, minister to France
1733-1798, George Read, Episcopalian, lawyer, judge, signer of Declaration,
congressman
u1735-1819, Hugh Williamson, Presbyterian Clergyman,
physician, scientist, Continental Congress, congressman
16 [82]
1749-1800, William Blount, Presbyterian, planter, congressman, signed
Constitution
u1744-1824, Pierce Butler, Episcopalian, wealthy planter, congressman, signed
Constitution
1730-1796, Daniel Carrol, Catholic, planter, congressman, committee to define
Washington, D.C., signed Constitution
u1739-1813, George Clymer, Quaker, Episcopalian, banker, signer of Declaration
too, signed Constitution
Mason
1760-1824, Jonathan Dayton, Episcopalian, lawyer, congressman, signed
Constitution
1741-1811, William Few, Methodist, farmer, lawyer, banker, congressman, signed
Constitution
Mason
u1755-1814, Nicholas Gilman, Congregationalist, captain in Revolution,
congressman, signed Constitution
1748-1796, Nathaniel Gorham, Congregationalist, helped write Constitution,
financier, signed Constitution
1749-1822, Jared Ingersoll, Presbyterian, lawyer, signed Constitution
1723-1790, Daniel Jenifer, Episcopalian, congressman, signed Constitution
u1744-1800, Thomas Mifflin, Quaker, Episcopalian, soldier in Revolution,
Governor Pennsylvania, congressman, signed Constitution
1734-1806, Robert Morris, Episcopalian, financier of Revolution, signed
Articles of Confederation, Declaration, Constitution, signed Constitution
u1757-1824, Charles Pinckney III, Episcopalian, planter, lawyer, Governor SC,
congressman, signed Constitution
1737-1800, John Rutledge, Episcopalian, lawyer, state attorney general, chief
justice of SC, U.S. Supreme Court, signed Constitution
Mason
1758-1802, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Episcopalian, planter, congressman, signed
Constitution
Mason
1742-1798, James Wilson, Episcopalian-Deist, lawyer, Supreme Court, signed
Constitution
15 [83]
u1756-1820, William Richardson Davie, Presbyterian, lawyer, planter, founder
Univ. NC, minister to France, member Continental Congress did not sign
Constitution
Mason
1745-1807, Oliver Ellsworth, Congregationalist, lawyer, judge, congressman,
member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution
Mason
1744-1814, Eldridge Gerry, Episcopalian, signed Declaration, Articles
Confederation, Governor MA, VP U.S., member Continental Congress did not sign
Constitution
u1746-1788, William Churchill Houston, Presbyterian, lawyer, member Continental
Congress did not sign Constitution
Mason
u1757-1813, William Houstoun, Episcopalian, planter, lawyer, congressman,
member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution
u1754-1829, John Lansing, Dutch Reformed, lawyer, mayor of Albany NY, Chief
Justice NY, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution
Mason
1740-1807, Alexander Martin, Episcopalian, lawyer, planter, congressman 35
years, Governor NC, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution
1748-1826, Luther Martin, Episcopalian, lawyer, attorney general, member
Continental Congress did not sign Constitution
u1746-1823, James McClung, physician, banker, religion not known but
appointment arranged by Washington and Patrick Henry, member Continental
Congress did not sign Constitution
u1759-1821, John Francis Mercer, Episcopalian, lawyer, Governor MD,
congressman, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution
Mason
1740-1789, William Pierce, Episcopalian, merchant, author of only character
sketches of 55 constitutional delegates, member Continental Congress did not
sign Constitution
Mason
1753-1813, Edmund Jennings Randolph, Episcopalian, lawyer, Mayor of
Williamsburg, Governor of Continental Congress, first U.S. Attorney General,
Secretary of State, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution
1745-1819, Caleb Strong, Congregationalist, lawyer, congressman, member
Continental Congress did not sign Constitution
1726-1806, George Wythe, Episcopalian, judge, law professor, congressman,
signed Declaration, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution
u1738-1801, Robert Yates, Dutch Reformed, lawyer, leader Revolution in NY,
Chief Justice NY, member Continental Congress did not sign Constitution
Top
most military rank and date promoted, all Continental Army unless noted.[84]
1. 1732-1799, George
Washington, Commander in Chief, 1st President
2. 1718-1790, Israel
Putnam, one of first Major Generals,
1775, and only one to serve throughout the war.
3. 1738-1775, Richard
Montgomery, Brigadier General 1775 whose promotion to Major General did not
reach him before was killed at Quebec on 12-31-1775.
4. 1740-1795, John
Sullivan, Major General 1776, Attorney General and then Governor of NH.
5. 1741-1801, Benedict
Arnold, Major General 1777, deserted 1780.
6. 1736-1818, Arthur
St. Clair, Major General and Commander U.S. Army 1791.
7. 1733-1810, Benjamin
Lincoln, Major General 1777, Secretary of War 1781.
8. 1757-1834, Marquis
de LaFayette, Major General 1777.
9. 1730-1794, Baron
Von Steuben, Major General and Inspector General 1778.
10. 1737-1789, Samuel
Holden Parson, Major General 1780.
11. 1750-1806, Henry
Knox, Major General 1782, Commander and Chief of Army 1783, Secretary of
War 1785-1794.
12. 1711-1777, David
Wooster, Major General 1775 CT, Brigadier General Continental 1775.
13. 1712-1794, Joseph
Frye, Major General MA militia 1775, Brigadier General Continental 1776.
14. 1736-1781, William
Thompson, Brigadier General 1776.
15. 1725-1777, Hugh
Mercer, Brigadier General 1776.
16. 1727-1815, John
Nixon, Brigadier General 1776.
17. 1733-1812, James
Clinton, Brigadier General 1776.
18. 1733-1796, William
Maxwell, Brigadier General 1776.
19. 1732-1797, John
Glover, Brigadier General 1777, whose men took Washington across the
Delaware on that eventful Christmas night in 1776 and whose men took
Washington’s men off Long Island after a defeat.
20. 1744-1808, John
Paterson, Brevet Major General 1783.
21. 1748-1789, James
Mitchell Varnum, Brigadier General 1777, Major General RI militia.
22. 1734-1780, William
Woodford, Brigadier General 1777.
23. 1746-1807, John
Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, Major General 1783.
24. 1734-1793, George
Weedon, Brigadier General 1777.
25. 1744-1802, Edward
Hand, Brigadier General 1777, Adjutant General 1781, Brevet Major General
1783, Major General 1798.
26. 1728-1822, John
Stark, Brigadier General 1777.
27. 1733-1785, Jethro
Sumner, Brigadier General 1779.
28. 17??-1781, James
Hogun, Major General GA militia 1776, Brigadier General Continental 1779.
29. 1742-1792, Mordeci
Gist, Brigadier General 1779.
30. 1749-1794, Otho
Holland Williams, Brigadier General 1782.
31. 1741-1783, John
Greaton, Brigadier General 1783.
32. 1738-1824, Rufus
Putnam, Brigadier General 1783.
33. 1737-1807, Elias
Dayton, Brigadier General 1783.
34.
NOTE:
we could have included many more; I just got tired—a few are above too.[85]
1. Mason 1703-1773, John Entick, Clergyman, Church of England and
school master, remembered for his edition of Book of Constitutions 1756
of Freemasonry, omitting marred versions of Anderson’s second edition of 1738;
he was grand steward in 1755 and junior grand warden in 1758; his Latin
dictionary was used for many years in schools.
2. Mason 1711-1794, Joseph Frye, General in Revolutionary War, was a
colonel when Montcalm captured Fort William Henry in 1757, appointed major
general by Mass. Provincial congress in June of 1775, made Brigadier General by
Continental Congress on 1-10-1776, was a member of Massachusetts Lodge and was
general secretary.
3. Mason 1714-1786, Charles
Humphreys, member Continental Congress 1774-1776, Quaker who opposed war,
voted for Declaration of Independence, member Provincial Congress 1764-1774.
4. Mason 1718-1790, Israel
Putnam, Lt. Colonel at Lexington
Alarm, April 1775, first of four Major General appointed 1775 and only one
to serve throughout war.
5. Mason 1721-1775, Peyton
Randolph, member first Continental Congress & first president of
congress, King’s attorney in VA 1748, speaker of House of Bergesses 1766 and
member 1764-1775.
6. Mason 1722-1725, Samuel Fraunces, revolutionary tavernkeeper and
patriot, a West Indian Negro who kept Fraunces Tavern in New York City 1762-65
and 1770-89, and from 1789-94 was household steward to George Washington,
member of the Holland Lodge No. 8, New York City.
7. Mason 1723-1781, Cornelius
Harnett, Town Commissioner, New Hanover, Chairman Sons of Liberty NC,
member Continental Congress 1777-1780, governor of NC, hailed as “Samuel Adams
of North Carolina,” captured by British in NC 1781 and died as prisoner.[86]
8. Mason 1725-1777, Hugh
Mercer, studied medicine Marichall College, Aberdeen, to Philadelphia 1747
to practice medicine, Brigadier General Continental Army 1776, died from wounds
at Princeton.
9. Mason 1727-1815, John
Nixon, helped in siege of Louisbourg 1745, Capt. provincial troups under
General Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, Capt.
Minute Men at Lexington, April 19, 1775, Brigadier General Continental Army
1776, member of Congregational Church for many years.
10. Mason 1727-1795, Daniel
Roberdeau, entered America early age, settled Philadelphia, member
Continental Congress 1777-1779, Brigadier General PN militia and first of his
rank, manager of Philadelphia Hospital.
11. Mason 1728-1822, John
Stark, Colonel NH 1775, Brevet Major General 1783.
12. Mason 1728-1806, Horatio Gates, Major General of Continental Army
in American Revolution, in 1772 took up land at invitation of Washington and
settled down in Virginia, when Revolution broke out made Brigadier General in
July 1775 and next year Major General, remained loyal to Washington in spite of
association with Benedict Arnold, probably member of Lodge at Annapolis Royal,
Nova Scotia, where active lodges were between 1738-1755; on
12-18-1778 the Grand Lodge of MA invited him and other Masons to dine and feast
for St. John’s Day.
13. Mason 1729-1797, Edmund Burke, British statesman favoring cause
of colonies, Protestant Father and Catholic Mother, high position in Whigs,
advocated abolition of slavery, thought to be a member of Jerusalem Lodge No.
44, Clerkenwell, London, sometimes called “Burke’s Lodge”; he championed John
Wilkes when imprisoned for libel and wrote pamphlet in defense and members of
Jerusalem Lodge went to the prison and made Wilkes a Mason in King’s Bench
Prison on March 3, 1769.[87]
14. Mason 1729-1813, William Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin, last
royal Governor of NJ under the British, uncertain as to which Lodge, he was a
member of either St. John’s No. 1 or the Tun Tavern Lodge, he was grand secretary of the Grand Lodge of
Pennsylvania 1755, was with
his father when he visited the Grand Lodge of England.
15. Mason 1730-1790, Jethro
Sumner, Brig. Gen. Revolution, 1760 paymaster for provincial troops in NC,
Royal White Hart Lodge No. 2, Helifax.
16. Mason 1730-1730, Joseph
Hewes, member first & second Continental Congresses, 1774-77, 1779,
prominent legislator, member of “Committee on the Marine and was in effect
first Secretary of Navy.”[88]
17. Mason 17??-1781, James
Hogun, Major GA militia, Brigadier General Continental Army, taken prisoner
at Charleston and died prisoner, member assemble in Halifax
18. Mason 1730-1791, William Bernet, member of Constitutional
Convention in 1776, pioneer physician, when Grand Lodge of New Jersey was charted
Nova Caesarea Lodge No. 10, Cincittati, on Sept. 8, 1791, he was named its first
master.
19. Mason 1730-1797, Thomas Chittenden, first Governor of Vermont,
member of Vermont Lodge (now Windsor No. 18), was charter master of Dorchester Lodge of
Vergennes, chartered in 1791 by the Grand Lodge of Canada, now No. 1 under the Grand Lodge of Vermont.
20. Mason 1730-1785, William
Whipple, sailor in slave trade, but abandoned it and liberated his slaves,
member of second Continental Congress, 1775-1776 & 1778, Brigadier General
NH militia, member Provincial Congress Exeter 1775, member state assembly
1780-1784, financial Receiver for NH 1782-1784.
21. Mason 1732-1800, John
Blair, delegate to Constitutional Convention 1787, one of first associate
justices of Supreme Court, chief justice Virginia.
22. Mason 1732-1797, John
Glover, Brigadier General Continental Army, took Washington men across
Delware that eventful Christmas night in 1776, congressman in House.
23. Mason 1733-1812, James
Clinton, served in French and Indian War, Brigadier General in Continental
Army, Brevet Major General 1783, father of DeWitt Clinton who became Governor
of NY and Grand Master of Masons in NY.
24. Mason 1733-1798, William
Maxwell, French and Indian War, Brigadier General Continental Army 1776,
served with Army at Valley Forge winter 1777-1778, no likeness of him found.
25. Mason 1733-1785, Jethro
Sumner, Brigadier General Continental Army 1779, President of NC Society of
Cincinnati.[89]
26. Mason 1733-1816, Samuel
Johnston, Gov. of NC, congressman, Royal Edwin Lodge No. 5, Unanimity Lodge No. 7, first Grand Master of Grand Lodge of NC, 1787-92.
27. Mason 1734-1780, William
Woodford, Brigadier General Continental Army 1777, wounded at Brandywine,
marched troops 500 miles in 28 days to Charleston, died in captivity 1780;
related to Washington by marriage and “one of the Commander in Chief’s most
trusted and confidential generals.”[90]
28. Mason 1734-1824, William Fleming, American patriot and jurist,
member of Virginia conventions 1775-76, Continental Conventions 1779-81, lodge
not known, but attended sessions of Grand Lodge of Virginia Oct. 1791.
29. Mason 1734-1793, George
Weedon, Lt. Colonel VA, Brigadier General Continental Army 1777, one of
original member Society of Cincinnati & president 1783 & 1786.
30. Mason 1735-1799, Joseph Cilley, first Major General of New
Hampshire militia, made master Mason on June 15, 1775, in St. John’s Lodge No.
1, Portsmouth, NH.
31. Mason 1736-1781, William
Thompson, Brig. Gen. Revolution, helped raise first troops on demand of
Continental Congress, relieved Gen. Charles Lee of command in NY, made Mason in
Philadelphia Lodge No. 2 with two other
generals.
32. Mason 1736-1818, Arthur
St. Clair, studied medicine at Univ. Edinburgh under John Hunter, came to
America 1759, Colonel in PN militia, Major General and Commander of US Army,
member Continental Congress 1785-1787 & presiden 1787
33. Mason 1737-1818, Jonas Fay, American patriot, with two member of
Vermont Lodge No. 18 (Ira Allen and
Thomas Chittenden) led the fight that est. Vermont as the 14th state, made
Freemason in Master’s Lodge No. 5, Albany, NY, member of convention in Jan. 1777 that made
Vermont a state.
34. Mason 17??-1799, John
Fitzgerald, Lt. Colonel and Aide-de-Camp to Washington, close friend of
Washington, mayor of Alexandria, VA, helped found Catholic church there.
35. Mason 1737-1807, Elias
Dayton, Brigadier General, Continental Army, trustee of Presbyterian Church
in Elizabethtown, congressman in NJ legislature.
36. Mason 1737-1789, Samuel
Holden Parsons, King’s attorney 1773, Colonel
at Lexington Alarm, April 1775, Major General 1780, president of CT Society
of Cincinnati 1784.
37. Mason 1738-1775, Richard
Montgomery, British officer in Halifax 1757, became Brigadier General
Continental Army 1775, member of first Provincial Convention, NY, 1775.
38. Mason 1738-1779, Edward
Biddle, pre-revolutionary leader, member Continental Congress 1774-75,
1778, 1779, member state assembly 1767-1775, Speaker 1774.
39. Mason 1738-1810, John Frost, Brigadier General in American
Revolution, was Lt. Colonel at siege of Boston, won several engagements, member
of St. Andrews Lodge, Boston, MA.
40. Mason 1740-1879, John
Sullivan, Major General in Revolution, Gov. NH, first Grand Master of Grand
Lodge of NH, POW,
Master of St. John’s Lodge.
41. Mason 1741-1783, John
Greaton, Brigadier General Continental Army.
42. Mason 1741-1780, William
Palfrey, Major & Aide-de-Camp to General Lee and to Washington,
Paymaster General 1776, appointed US Consul to France 1780, sailed and lost at
sea.
43. Mason 1741-1804, George
Walton, lawyer Savannah, member second Continental Congress 1776-1781, US
Senator 1795, twice governor of GA, first judge of Superior Courts of Eastern
Judicial district
44. Mason 1742-1814, Simon
Spalding, soldier, general in PA militia, capt. in Revolution, Rural Amith
Lodge No. 179.
45. Mason 1743-1788, Samuel Elbert, Revolutionary Brigadier General,
Governor of Georgia, last grand master of Georgia to be appointed by the United
Grand Lodge of England, 1774 appointed Capt. grenadier company, Lt. Colonel
in 1776, member of Solomon Lodge No. 1, Savannah.
46. Mason 1743-1798, John Fitch, inventor of steam boat, Lodge No. 25
of Bristol, PA, 1-4-1785.
47. Mason 1744-1809, John
Walker, Lt. Colonel & Aide-de-Camp for Washington, appointed Senator to
fill after death of William Grayson.
48. Mason 1744-1802, Edward
Hand, Major General of United States, appointed by Washington Ispector of
Revenue District PN, Lay Deputry of Diocesan Convention of Episcopal Church in
Philadelphia, President of PN Society of the Cincinnati, 1799.
49. Mason 1744-1808, John
Paterson, Yale lawyer, Colonel in MA regiment, Brevet Major General 1783,
practiced law in Lenox, MA, after war, member NY state legislature, State
Constitutional Convention 1801, monument in Lenox to him.
50. Mason 1745-1799, William
Dawes, merchant, tanner, one of famous midnight riders who road with Paul
Revere 1775, who warned John Hancock and John Adams in time to save them; known
to be a Mason, but not proof.
51. Mason 1745-1806, William
Paterson, emigrated to colonies 1747, elected delegate to 1787 Continental
Congress but could not serve as he was attorney general NJ, US Senate 1789,
resigned to become governor of NJ, Assoc. Justice to US Supreme Court 1793 to
death.
52. Mason 1747-1806, Richard
Cary, Lt. Colonel and Aide-de-Camp to Washington; Washington said he “was
the greatest gentleman in the American Army.”[91]
53. Mason 1748-1789, James
Mitchell Varnum, lawyer, colonel RI regiment, Major General RI Militia,
President of RI Society of Cincinnati 1786.
54. Mason 1749-1794, Otho
Holland Williams, Major in Stephenson’s Maryland and Virginia Rifle
Regiment, Brigadier General Continental Army 1782, appointed Collector of
Customs at Baltimore, president of MD Society of Cincinnati 1792.
55. Mason 1749-1831, Isaiah
Thomas, patriot and printer, publisher of Massachusetts Spy,
published attacks on British, joined Paul Revere, was first printer to use music type, published Farmer’s Museum, Printed most of the Bibles and school books
used in the country, not known where made a Mason, but became Master of
Trinity Lodge of Lancaster MA, founding
member of Morning Star Lodge of Worcester MA, was Senior
Grand Warden of Grand Lodge of MA, and Grand Master of Grand Lodge MA 1803-05,
and help lay cornerstone for Bunker Hill Monument with Lafayette in a
procession that was more than a mile long, with 5,000 dining together for this
occasion.
56. Mason 1750-1806, Henry
Knox, Major General 1782, Comander in Chief of Army 1783, first Secretary
of War, first secretary-general of Society of the Cincinnati 1783-1799 & VP
1805.
57. Mason 1752-1818, George Rogers Clark, famous Brigadier General in
American Revolution, received approval of Governor Patrick Henry for expedition
into territory now known as Illinois, older brother of William Clark of famed
Lewis and Clark expedition (also a Mason), his leg was amputated, Abraham Lodge
No. 8, Louisville, buried with Masonic funeral.
58. Mason 1752-1825, John
Brooks, Governor MA, re-elected 7 years in succession, American Union Lodge and Washington
Lodge No. 10.
59. Mason 1752-1818, David
Humphreys, Lt. Colonel & Aide-de-Camp to Washington, negotiated
treaties, first US minster to Portugal, then minister to Spain 1796, became
horse breeder
60. Mason 1753-1799, Henry
Tazell, Senator VA, delegate to Constitutional Convention 1775-1776, Father
senator and Gov. VA, Williamsburg Lodge No. 6.
61. Mason 1754-1848, Henry Burbeck, founder of West Point, senior
warden of St. John’s Provincial Grand Lodge in Boston and signed
warrant for American Union Lodge, at battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and
wintered at Valley Forge, commanded the troops that took over New York from
British on Nov. 25, 1783; in 1792 est. school that would become West Point, and
when Corp of Engineers was created in 1801 he was its first chief.
62. Mason 1755-1843, Ebenezer
Mattoon, Officer in Revolution, Major General in War of 1812, congressman,
Pacific Lodge, Amherst, MA, master 1818-1819.
63. Mason 1755-1814, Nicholas
Gilman, member Continental Congress 1786-1788, member of first four
congresses, presidential elector 1793 & 1797, US senator NH.
64. Mason 1756-1743, Hodijah
Baylies, Lt. Colonel and Aide-de-Camp to Washington
65. Mason 1757-1796, Josep P. E. Capelle, surgeon in American
Revolution, came to America with Count Rochambeau, later served with Lafayette
as staff surgeon, one of incorporators of Delaware State Medical School, raised
master Mason on Lodge No. 14 at Wilmington on Aug. 21, 1783, and served as
master in 1786 and again in 1792, treasure from 1788-1791, on Aug.,6, 1789, one
of the first group of Delaware Masons to receive Royal Arch Degree.
66. Mason 1757-1806, James
Jackson, Brigadier General 1788, Governor of GA, killed Lt. Gov. Wells in
duel, Solomons Lodge No. 1.
67. Mason 1759-1796, Robert Burns, Scottish national poet, considered
a poetic genius, member St. David’s Lodge No. 174, raised Oct. 1, 1781, member of several other Lodges,
and wrote several Masonic poems, including “Farewell to the Brethren of St. James
Lodge, Tarbolton” and “The Freemasons’ Apron”.
68. Mason 1759-1820, Josiah Bartlett, physician, grand master of the
Grand Lodge of MA, member of Union Lodge at Danbury, CT (now No. 40), April 13, 1780, raised on May 2,
1780, charter member of King Solomon’s Lodge, Charleston, MA, Sept. 1783; Bartlett followed Paul Revere as
Grand Master of MA 1798, 1799, 1810.
69. Mason 1759-1841, Jonathan Gage, ship builder who sloop Polly was
stolen by British, congressman in Massachusetts, master of St. Peter’s Lodge in
Newburyport in 1791, help
organize the General Grand Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, in 1798 was first grand
treasure of Grand Chapter in Massachusetts.
70. Mason 1760-1823, Jesse Franklin, Governor and U.S. Senator from
NC, 12-23-1793, became a member of Liberty Lodge No. 45, Wilkesborough, NC.
71. Mason 1762-1832, Samuel
Strong, General in War 1812, raised troops and hastened to relief of
garrison at Plattsburg, NY, received formal thanks from VT and NY, Dorchester
Lodge No. 1, Vergennes.
72. Mason 1762-18??, Elisha Cullen Dick, one of three doctors who
attend George Washington in his last illness, made a Mason in Lodge No. 2,
Philadelphia in 1779, one
of the organizers of Alexander Lodge No. 39, VA (later Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22), and senior warden 1783, master of Lodge 22 in 1793
at the laying of the cornerstone of the U.S. Capitol.
73. Mason 1764-1812, Jaun Jose Castelli, Argentine patriot, lawyer,
and politician of indomitable courage, member of Lautaro Lodge.
74. Mason 1765-1826, Thomas
Todd, Justice U. S. Supreme Court, 1807-1826, part of KY statehood, Lodge
No. 24 of VA, became charter member of Lexington Lodge No. 1, Lexington, KY.
75. Mason 1769-1841, Martin
Chittenden, son of Thomas Chittenden, Governor of Vermont 1813-1814,
graduate of Dartmouth 1789, member of Washington Lodge No. 7, Burlington, VT, one of petitioners for new Lodge named
Chittenden at Williston, VT, in honor of his father.
76. Mason 1770-1838, William
Clark of famed Lewis and Clark
expedition to Northwest Territory by appointed from President Jefferson in
1804, younger brother of George Rogers Clark, made superintendent of Indian
affairs by President Monroe at St. Louis and kept position until death in 1838;
member of St. Louis Lodge No. 111 under
Pennsylvania charter, and buried with Masonic honors.
77. Mason 1773-1828, John
Geddes, Governor of SC 1818-20, congressman, Brigadier General, past master
of St. John’s Lodge No. 13, Charleston, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of South Carolina in 1826.
78. Mason 1774-1834, Rufus
Easton, first postmaster West of the Mississippi River, first attorney
general of MO, entered through Roman Lodge No. 82 of NY and
helped organize Western Star Lodge No. 107, Kaskaskia, IL, when St. Louis Lodge No. 111 was organized
he was a charter member.
79. Mason 1774-1860, Littleton
W. Tazewell, Gov. VA, congressman, son of Henry Tazewell, Naphtali Lodge
No. 56.
80. Mason 1777-1849, Edmund
P. Gaines, Major General in War of 1812, arrested Aaron Burr, member of
Phoenix Lodge No. 8, Fayetteville, NC.
81. Mason 1781-1842, Newton
Cannon, Governor of TN, 1735-1839, congressman, Cumberland Lodge No. 8 and was
present when Grand Lodge of Tennessee was called in
1825.
82. Mason 1782-1867, Henry
Dodge, General and Indian fighter, U.S. Senator then Governor of Wisconsin,
12-6-1806 initiated into Western Star Lodge 107, Kaskaskia, IL, later affliated with Louisiana Lodge No. 109 (Missouri’s
first Lodge) at St. Genevieve, MO, served as master three years, installing
office at institution of Unity Lodge No. 6, Jackson, MO.
83. Mason 1784-1854, William
P. Duval, Governor of Territory of Florida 1822-1834 by President Monroe,
served in War of 1812, raised 8-13-1804 in Washington Lodge No. 6, Bardstown, KY, served senior warden in 1816.
84. Mason 1795-1858, John
P. Gaines, Governor of Oregon Territory 1850-53, congressman, member of
Multnomah Lodge No. 1, Oregon City, OR.
85. Mason 1800-1836, James
W. Fannin, Texas patriot and pioneer, Capt. of Texas forces, 1835 defeated
larger Mexican army near Bexar, General Houston made him colonel then inspector
general, executed by General Santa Anna with 357 other 3-27-1836, was senior
deacon to Holland Lodge No. 36, LA, when it was organized, later to become Holland No. 1 of Texas.
Obviously, something
is amiss in the anti-Mason histories, even unpatriotically malicious.
Some of the information
above is based upon these e-mails, and I placed them on-line to save space for
more important material, the book already too large. By and large, they
expressed themselves well. Bill Gordon hid. Tal Davis deferred to Bill Gordon’s
expertise. Paige Patterson avoided substance. I, as a Southern Baptist, could
not get a simple answer to clear questions. Moreover, Paige Patterson views secrets
and a fraternity founded upon virtues and agreement as childish. Are secrets
and virtue childish? Or did Patterson just not think about what he was saying?
Or did not know what he was saying? Sadly, there are not a lot of options left.
I did say from the start
that I was chronicling my journey as I went—my own foibles, too. In the first
version of the book, I included them here.
1. Maness Initial
E-Mail to Bill Gordon — 9-9-04, 10:20 AM
2. Maness Initial
E-Mail to Tal Davis — 9-9-04, 8 PM
3. Tal Davis 1st and
Only E-mail Response — 9-13-04, 9 AM
4. Bill Gordon’s E-mail
Agency Response — 9-13-04, 3 PM
4—Interjection
5. Maness 1st Follow-up
Plea to Tal Davis — 9-14-04, 8 AM
6. Maness 2nd Follow-up
Plea to Tal Davis — 9-14-04, 6 PM
7. Paige Patterson
e-mail to Maness — 9-30-04, 4 PM
8. Maness Response to
Patterson — 10-01-4, 6 PM
9. Patterson Response
to Maness — 10-11-4, 10:49 AM
10. Maness Response to
Patterson — 10-12-4, 6:30 AM
11. Maness 1st
Follow-up to Patterson — 11-29-04, 9:23 AM
12. Patterson Response
to Maness — 11-29-04, 5:41 PM
13. Maness Response to
Patterson — 11-30-04, 6:06 AM
14. Patterson Response – End – to Maness
— 11-30-04, 6:03 PM
In the end, according to
Patterson, a defense of Freemasonry is a defense of indefensible, and so
character truly does not count. Character Counting truly needs more light
today, much more light.
See the full text at
www.PreciousHeart.net/Patterson_E-Mails.htm
Gary Leazer’s Fundamentalism and Freemasonry is an important contribution to the history of SBC
studies, even crucial, and especially with reference to James L. Holly’s muffin
criticisms.[92] Leazer sets the stage and does a good job summarizing
the rise of fundamentalism in general and in the SBC—the real cause of the
anti-Mason fomentations. Leazer’s first four chapters are worth the price of
his book alone on Fundamentalism.
Bill Gordon and Tal
Davis were secretive and not interested in history, and they were interested in
occulting history. The SBC Interfaith Witness Department did not want to share
their reasons for not sharing even the smallest piece of history, even the date
of Gordon’s little Closer Look. Another tell-tale sign of a truly secret
society—no accountability to its own constituency.
James L. Holly profusely
attacked Freemasonry and Gary Leazer, especially in his volume III. With both
books on the table, Leazer’s lean corrections and clarifications climb up and
cast a shadow upon Holly’s heated stretching of his own Frankenstein. Gary
Leazer is clearly more credible and thorough. In the latter chapters, Gary
Leazer clearly documents many misrepresentations and unfair inflations in
several anti-Mason books and reveals how HMB President Larry Lewis changed and
deleted several items in Leazer’s study of Freemasonry.
Gary Leazer does document.
The SBC’s final stance was a respect for “conscience.” Yet that is not all.
Leazer had to walk carefully like few before him. Even though Leazer was a
non-Mason at the time of the study, Larry Lewis was concerned
about “damage control”[93]: Larry Lewis had received a
letter that Leazer had written to a SBC Freemason friend, and James L. Holly fomented
distrust after he too had seen the letter. Copies of that letter spread like a
busted bee hive. Leazer’s ability to talk to Freemasons as fellow Southern
Baptists was crippled by Larry Lewis’ fears and Holly’s agitations. Listen to Leazer’s
side of the story.
[SBC HMB President Larry
Lewis] Lewis was upset that I had encouraged Masons to
attend the Southern Baptist Convention in Houston in June [1993] to vote their
conscience. A number of Masons had written asking how they could help with the
study…. if they felt strongly about the matter, they could attend the
convention as messengers elected by their churches and vote when the issue came
up for discussion. While I was repeatedly criticized for this action, others
regularly encouraged people to attend the convention and vote for particular
candidates.[94]
Gary Leazer noted Paige
Patterson and Paul
Pressler’s well-known and sometimes secret caucusing for the previous 15 years,
and Leazer is straight on target with concerns and implied surprise over the
attacks on his own vote-your-conscience encouragements. As an SBC employee, the
current climate would not allow Gary Leazer to say “vote your conscience” to
anyone but those who fully supported the takeover cabal.
[SBC HMB President Larry
Lewis] Lewis was especially upset that I had allowed two
Masons, Southern Baptist Abner McCall, president emeritus of Baylor University,
and Disciples of Christ layperson Jim Tresner, editor of The Oklahoma Mason, to read advance
copies of the study. [Gary Leazer’s concern was his own accuracy, as a non-Mason, so he
consulted them to] check that carefully. I know Masons will not agree with all
of my report but believe it to be fair and objective.[95]
Leazer had written
McCall and Tresner in January of 1993 and maintained editorial control over the
study until he had submitted the Freemasonry study to Larry Lewis on January 22,
1993. In February, Leazer was reprimanded for his letter to his Freemason
friend D. L. Talbert; the letter that had kicked James L. Holly into a beehive
action of his own.
That was the beginning
of the end of Leazer’s SBC service as Holly vigorously pursued Leazer and
harassed. Holly ruined Leazer’s SBC career, and Holly documented that ruination
in his volume III, which devotes nearly 200 pages of his persecution of Leazer
and Holly’s own dissatisfaction with the SBC. Strangely cooperative—though at
odds with each other—the coldness of the SBC officials and apparent lack of
concern for a truly objective report brims over in both Leazer’s and
Holly’s words. Both anti-Mason James Holly and (then neutral) SBC researcher
Gary Leazer together document the HMB’s determination to stir the negative
caldron.
In Holly’s volume III,
Holly continuously pummels Leazer for an attempt to contact a Freemason of good
reputation and authority about an SBC study of Freemasonry compatibility with
the SBC. And Holly pummels the SBC Interfaith Witness Department for not
slamming Freemasonry more than they did. Moreover, as we have seen in appendix
4 (and in the longer on-line version), Holly misrepresents and sloppily
constructs his own Frankenstein.
Between Leazer’s and
Holly’s documents, the SBC leaders were careless, paranoid, and determined to
support the anti-Mason Frankenstein as well as the SBC disrespect for character
counting. The SBC leaders had to support their Frankenstein; perhaps that was
the secret order of Paige Patterson, but most likely just acting under the
political pressure and vocal dislikes of Patterson. Probably not under any orders
from Patterson, but certainly aware of Patterson’s determined dislikes—there
was no fear of sloppy work.
Regrettably, Gary Leazer even
acquiesced to President Larry Lewis’ request for a signed release for letters in Leazer’s
own home. Leazer’s documentation indicates how much more trust Leazer had in
Lewis than Lewis had in Leazer before Lewis’ final crushing. Leazer exhibited
far more of a Christian spirit than was exhibited to him. Three boxes of 2,300
letters were removed from Leazer’s office, and then Lewis’ executive vice
president “rode with me [Leazer] while Sunderland followed in his car” to
Leazer’s own home and retrieved another box of correspondence.[96]
What does that sound
like to you? Gestapo secret hush-hush nonsense. Where are those letters and
documents secreted from Leazer’s home today? Where are they? Ten years later,
they may not mean much to the larger history, and the smallness of and
administrative fringe existence of the Interfaith Witness will never merit a
true history. But the SBC Gestapo-like tactics are the example of the evil
accused of Freemasonry. What kind of Christian character does that kind
of thing? Who is so bent on cover-up that they would sequester letters from
fellow Southern Baptists? We do not believe the SBC was sophisticated enough to
be making a kind of black-list for Gestapo-like censure. But it was truly a
Gestapo-like search and seizure. If they had had the legal machinery of the
state behind them, what would have happened to Gary Leazer? In Germany and
Russia not too long ago … we fear to say. Did they act within the law? Sure
they did, but not in the spirit of Christ by any means. And they are still
hiding.
What is clear from James
L. Holly’s volume III is that Holly manically pursued Leazer
with a force that few could stand—not even the HMB President Larry Lewis. Holly even slices at Lewis in his volume III. Holly documents
how he himself would not settle for anything but utter condemnation for
Freemasonry no matter what the evidence, no matter what the history, even if
that meant twisting the evidence and falsely representing the evidence. It is
clear that character does not count to Holly in his volume III.
After all of that, Gary
Leazer provides a most significant piece of documentation for the psychology
behind Holly’s hot pursuit.
[James L. Holly] is quoted by the Associated Baptist Press as
saying that he blames Masons for the fact his father, a Mason, rejects
Christianity.” Holly’s father is a member of the Episcopal Church.[97]
Holly can be
merciless, as he said:
Every Mason in Louisiana,
including this writer’s father and father-in-law, has a copy of this Monitor in
his home. These quotes alone are sufficient to warn the man of God to flee the
Lodge. To say that there is no false religion is to say that there is no true
religion either.[98]
Hold on here! Look
at Holly’s theoretical source material for that severe judgment—these three
quotes.
“Let there be light.”—Gen. 1:3
“There never was a false god, nor was there ever a
really false religion, unless you call a child a false man.”—Max Muller
“Every
age has had a religion suited to its capacity.”—Albert Pike
Is that all? Holly’s
three quotes do not at all merit Holly’s condemning charge, “flee the Lodge,”
by any stretch of logic or good character reference.[99] But what kind of statement is this about Holly’s own
family? “Let there be light” too? Holly’s clear condemnation depends on only one
quote from Max Muller, and Holly’s own father and father-in-law come under
Holly’s own condemnation. Muller’s Universalism does not speak
of all of Freemasonry, not any more than Occultist Manly P. Hall’s. Certainly
there are false gods, biblically speaking. Did Holly have the gumption to ask
his father or father-in-law? I asked Holly about that, but he did not respond
to me. Yet—regarding Muller and whatever his meaning—Has there ever been a time
under heaven in which the biblical God was not present even to the most heathen
and ungodly? Who is Max Muller? There is not a reference anywhere that I could
find in Holly’s three volumes to discover who Muller is.[100] Yet Holly uses that to slice his own father’s
and father-in-law’s integrity and—again—all of Freemasonry.
Feel the pain of
persecution weighing down upon Gary Leazer. Why in the world would anyone have to make
statements like Leazer makes here: “It is common for scholars to send
manuscripts to others to critique” and “Any scholar will consider all sources
for his research”?[101] Those statements are so appropriately sad. Leazer
tells us the rest of the story, documents how President Larry Lewis edited the
final report, and then Leazer closes out his book with a couple of chapters
correcting and clarifying James L. Holly’s volumes.
James L. Holly defies
reason—Frankenstein.
As we know today, I
could not get a copy of Lewis’ edited version of the 75-page document—it was
deep-sixed, Bill Gordon said. It was only later that I came across Leazer’s
fine book. In that light, it is no wonder that Bill Gordon gets scared when I
attempted in 2004 to get to the bottom of his sloppy excursions in his Closer
Look. Gordon would not have lasted as long if they had been after him.
One thing is as clear as a Texas summer sky—in all of the hullabaloo caused by
Lewis and Holly that even Holly himself documents, Gary Leazer is not sloppy
and does not make the profound errors that Bill Gordon makes—not in the least.
Bill Gordon should be afraid, if the new management is concerned about
integrity.
Furthermore—hear ye,
hear ye—do note what we have documented about Bill Gordon already. This is
extremely important, even frightening. Inside of three lights, there walks a
dark figure: (1) in the light of our 24 Franken-Bones on Gordon above, (2) in
the light of Leazer’s history, and (3) in the light of how Leazer’s history is
shamelessly verified and augmented in Holly’s own history—therein, in those
three lights there lurks a dark figure, a SBC exclusive Frankenstein.
Freemasonry was not going to get a fair shake from the start.
The persecution of Gary
Leazer is vividly and
viciously documented by the inflamed anti-Mason James L. Holly, and then HMB President Larry Lewis makes many
revisions of Leazer’s study. Look at all of that, then notice that the small
report to the 1993 SBC still—still—left the issue of Freemasonry up to
the conscience of the individual Southern Baptist. Here comes another dark and
mysterious figure. Sometime after June of 1993, at an undated secret time,
Bill Gordon writes his Closer Look at Freemasonry and deletes
“conscience” altogether, and then in his Comparison Chart removed all
vestiges of good. Frankenstein lives.
Gordon’s work is today
supported by Tal Davis, and implicitly by Paige Patterson. So the official position of the SBC on
Freemasonry has now changed without the permission of the SBC and by
permission of the SBC elite secret fraternity! What evil has now descended upon
the SBC that ten legions of legends—millions of Southern Baptists too—can be so
misrepresented? What evil has now descended where the official position
of the SBC can be changed without permission from the SBC? What evil has come
when an SBC employee—Gary Leazer—is hounded for encouraging the voting of conscience?
What evil has now descended upon the SBC when “conscience” can be deleted—by a
low level lackey like Bill Gordon—from such a seminal report with not
even a slap on the hand?
In the land of honor and
character, Bill Gordon should be afraid. Gordon’s work is not only an
embarrassment, but malignantly deceptive to boot. And if Paige Patterson is
just half the scholar many believe him to be, he should step out of his
protected bunker and make a substantial offering of his own. Or apologize for
his collusion. But all Patterson does is talk and hope that history and
character does not catch him. Hiding history is not good for anyone in this
context.
Gary Leazer’s unofficial prophecy is coming true in Bill Gordon’s
sly and surreptitious and shamefully weak offerings and in Paige Patterson’s talk.
In his conclusion, Leazer wisely warned.
If the Southern Baptist
Convention adopts an anti-Masonic position, the issue will begin to tear apart
local churches as they debate how to respond to the decision of the Convention.
The end result would be devastating to churches, families, individuals, and the
Kingdom of God.[102]
Yet, Leazer
was—again—just a little too generous, continuing to believe the best and hope
for the best. It would be great if the SBC had a say in its own official
position. For Bill Gordon has already taken the SBC to the anti-Mason position
and deleted “conscience” too—all without the SBC’s permission.
Just who is being duped
and who is being duplicitous here? Gary Leazer is asked to
resign for wanting SBC members to vote their conscience on Freemasonry and his
own trying to get real SBC Freemason experts’ input. Yet Bill Gordon
misrepresents, deletes “conscience,” and gets supports from his boss and from
Paige Patterson on his
changing of the official SBC position without the SBC approval! For ten years
now!
Who is being duped here?
Frankenstein needs to go back to the graveyard.
Bill Gordon ought to be
afraid—in the land of honor and on the plains of life where character
counts—except that he is secretly protected.
See this on-line at
www.PreciousHeart.net/Leazer.htm
I used teeny tiny many
times, perhaps over the top. Teeny Tiny was used in reference to Bill
Gordon’s use of only two authors and use of so few references in his Closer
Look and fewer still in his Comparison Chart. By the largest
Protestant denomination in the world with millions of Freemasons, it is still
smaller than a standard comic book. Everything about its rationale was teeny
tiny. In 12 pages and 8 incompatibilities from two (2) sources authors! … Shoot
fire! We added 8 clear categories of anti-Masons who have published, and
then a 1/2 category where powerbrokers mouth junk with a comical hush-hush
sweet darling. The unpublished powerbroker’s hush-hush is prostitution of their own
character and reputation to dupe the innocent.
Did I use teeny tiny
too many times? Some anti-Masons will certainly think so, but they never read
big books anyway. I thought several times about using teeny tiny only a
tiny number of times. Yet it applied so well so many times to both the
technical vivisection and the rhetorical lampoon. We had lots of fun.
I thought about trying
to sift and distill all of the categories into which the uses of teeny tiny
apply, even attempting an analysis of uses of teeny tiny—called,
perhaps, the Teeny Tiny Analysis, or some other pun. The uses of teeny tiny
indicate the colorful array of applications of teeny tiny in Gordon’s squeaky
Closer Look. So, without actually analyzing, imagine with me, if you
will, what such would look like.
First, there would be a
category of teeny tiny referents focusing upon the Closer Look task
itself. Teeny tiny applies to several areas: (1) to the 300-year-old
history of speculative Freemasonry (not even given a sentence by Gordon), (2)
to Freemasonry’s multitude of intercontinental authors and champions (left out
by Gordon), (3) to many anti-Mason precedents (not referenced one time by
Gordon), (4) to the character of legions of legends, (5) to the place of
Freemasonry in the founding of the United States of America itself. Wow—how teeny
tiny can one get? Teeny tiny. Bill Gordon had the resources of the largest
Protestant denomination in the history of the world—the mighty SBC. And (6)
Gordon’s 8 inflations of the 8 incapabilities are huge inflations with teeny
tiny supports, which make his occulting and deletions of all the good from the
1993 Original a (7) teeny tiny bloating of his own pretense to honor.
His deletion of conscience from the 1993 Original is a (8) tinier
pretense to fidelity to SBC honor. Those eight (8) applications of teeny
tiny alone slap silly the eight (8) SBC incompatibilities, but those are
not all of the beatings Frankenstein absorbs.
In all, what is
Frankenstein’s best shot? What leg does he have left to stand upon? Does
Frankenstein have one single decent, clear, and irrefutable leg to stand upon?
In the light of our 24
Franken-Bones (yeah—that’s 3 x 8), 8 chapters of detail on
Frankenstein, 8 chapters on Freemasonry honor, 8 huge wedges of credibility, 8
pictures illustrating, 8 charts listing, 8 appendices complementing, 8
categories of bibliography representing 1,888+ authors in 3,000+ works, and 888
endnotes in teeny tiny type in 40 pages referencing—okey dokey, that’s a load,
with 8,000+ paragraphs too. What a hoot!
8 chapters on Frankenstein 8 chapters on Freemasonry 8 wedges between them 8 pictures illustrating |
8 charts a listing 8 appendixes of support 8 categories of bibliography 8 categories of tiny applications |
Then add these 24
Franken-Bones (3 x 8) That is 8
groups of 8 proofs supported with 888 endnotes! |
I guess you could
say we fairly well eight up Gordon’s 8 tiny teeny squeaks on
incompatibility. Have we had fun? Or if Gordon’s faceless, brainless
Frankenstein pygmy had eight enough real meat, and had pumped the real
iron of research, perhaps he would not have been as wobbly and in such dire
need of Paige Patterson’s character to lean upon in order for him to be able to
stand up on his own strength. The reality is that I purposely tweaked the 8 et
certa in order to slam the SBC expert Bill Gordon’s 8 squeaks all the more
in his smaller-than-a-comic size Closer Look regurgitation of the 8
incompatibilities of the 1993 Original Frankenstein.
Just for more fun and
just to be able to say What a hoot above, the use of 8 itself is only
lampooning rhetoric. You see … the numbers mean nothing whatsoever
in themselves. Furthermore, within the 888 endnotes and on-line bibliography,
the vast array of academic resources come together and beat down Gordon’s
Frankenstein pygmy with—literarily—a world-class beating. Character counting
needs more light and can handle all the light we can give. Occulting character
and occulting history help no one except the powerbroker’s hidden and often
malicious agenda.
Since I turned in a
draft in the first week of May 2005 and the first e-mail to the SBC Interfaith
Witness Department began on 9-9-4—well, what a hoot!—but this was completed in
under a year—a hard grueling year—but under a year nevertheless. Take a
closer look. Is that 8 months? Would you believe that? I did work on
editing for several more months.
Regardless, we
thoroughly eight up Bill Gordon’s 8 tiny squeaks as well as eight up
the 8 categories of anti-Masons with 8 cogently demonstrable groups of 8
proofs. To beat all, the SBC’s top academic and legendary leader President
Paige Patterson—my former teacher—supports Bill Gordon’s ten-year-old wobbling,
faceless, brainless Frankenstein pygmy today! What a hoot! Even the young girls
at Hooters would be
embarrassed at that hoot.[103]
Sheese, but imagine what
could have been accomplished if someone worked really hard against the
anti-Mason Frankenstein pygmy? In the light of this book and the heavy
resources pointed to in this book, can you see just how shamefully lazy SBC
expert Bill Gordon really was in 1993? Can you see how utterly without honor
and so cowardly Gordon is today, standing behind his Frankenstein today? Can
you see the lack of honor in Patterson who stands behind Gordon’s work to this
day? Christian academia takes a beating when the SBC champion and in many ways
the SBC chief academician President Paige Patterson exempts himself from
accountability to his use of evil toward the fraternity of legions of
legends, and his allegation of evil pales in comparison to the larger
issue of his totally ignoring the value of character counting. Sheese! Dignity
of human life takes a beating.
Ultimately, there is no
other significance to the 8 groups of 8 proofs slaying Frankenstein than there
is any significance to the number of points of a star—except as the adherent makes
a meaning of the numbers. And here, precisely with the rhetoric and
lampooning, we take eight (8) to a new level and push forward one more time
Bill Gordon’s eight (8) maliciously mousy squeaks: conclusively, eight is not
enough SBC dirt to dirty the character and reputations of ten legions of
legends. Not even eight legions. And President Paige Patterson ought to know
this instead of occult this and run like a mouse from this—hiding behind
his character-reputation all along the way. The good SBC men and women and SBC
history are far better than that, even his own presidential and theological predecessors
were better and far more productive.
There truly is no end in
sight as to how many groups of proofs and entire galaxies of material and full
star systems of rational and limitlessly smoking rhetoric and lampoon there
are—an expanding universe of material—that come against SBC expert Bill
Gordon’s and Ankerberg’s and Holly’s Frankenstein pygmies and come against
their (and Barton’s) occulting of character and occulting history. The
occulting should stop. Truly, we need to put the battered Frankenstein pygmy to
bed—permanently, without anymore occulting, prostitution, pandering, puns, and
without any more of Patterson’s patronizing protection of inept whipping boys.
Prostituting character and occulting good character and occulting good history
serve only to advance Paganism and Heathenism—even Satanism. So says and so lived
ten legions of legends on the centuries-old concourse of character counting
history.
Wake up America! The
more light to character counting the better.
I have done my part, as
small and—well—as teeny tiny as this book is with respect to the
honorable and distinguished legions of legends in Freemasonry and millions
more—all of which make up our U.S. National Treasure in character counting. Character and history count,
and character needs more light today, not less, but much more light.
They are at www.preciousheart.net/freemasonry - including abstracts and
annotations. This cut-back version focuses upon the prominent. Like many Grand
Lodges, the Texas Masonic Library has a host of
sources, many not listed here. It is clear that Freemasonry is interwoven
throughout the history of the United States and Europe in a fashion far more
honorably than not, and that world history is always occulted—when not
totally occulted—by the anti-Masons in their best work. Then, ironic to the
uttermost, the anti-Masons profusely claim Freemasons are the ones occulting.
Red light indicates
where you are in each section
3. Main
Freemasonry Bibliography |
3.c. Pro Articles on Freemasonry — 137
Articles, w 50 Bk Rws |
3.d. Foreign Books on Freemasonry — 226
Authors of 265 Books |
A new book addressing every
major concern about Christian compatibility,
honor, and more – character counting needs more light today.
www.PreciousHeart.net/freemasonry
[1] See www.preciousheart.net for more: Michael G. Maness, Would You Lie to Save a Life: the Quest for God’s Will This Side of Heaven: a Theology on the Ethics of Love (2005).
[2] On “character”: Webster’s Ninth Collegiate New Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, 1989), on the feature/s of the individual person, “a: one of the attributes or features that make up and distinguish the individual; a feature used to separate distinguishable things … b (1): a feature used to separate distinguishable things into categories; also : a group or king so separated … (2) the detectable expression of the action of a gene or group of genes (3): the aggregate of distinctive qualities characteristic of a breed, strain, or type … c: the complex of mental and ethical traits marking and often individualizing a person, group, or nation … d: main or essential nature esp. as strongly marked and serving to distinguish.” See also, Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, 2nd Ed. (Collins World, 1975): “5. a distinctive trait, quality, or attribute. 6. essential quality; nature; kind or sort. 7. an individual’s pattern of behavior or personality; moral constitution. 8. moral strength; self-discipline, fortitude, etc. 9. reputation. 10. good reputation; as, left without a shred of character. 11. a description of the traits or qualities of a person or type; character sketch. 12. a statement about the behavior, qualities, etc. of a person; recommendation.”
[3] See www.josephsoninstitute.org & www.charactercounts.org, the latter top at Google.com.
[4] Isabel Briggs Myers, et al, MBTI Manual: a Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 3rd ed. (Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1998; 420p.).
[5] David Keirsey, Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence, (Prometheus Nemesis, 1998; 350p.; 1978): http://keirsey.com/pumII.html. Keirsey said Hippocrates told of four temperaments easily recognized as schizoform and cycloform: Sanguine (cheerful, optimistic), Choleric (easily angered, often unreasonably), Phlegmatic (slow, stolid), and Melancholic (depressed, sad) (McKinnon, 1944; Roback, 1927).
[6] Excerpt http://keirsey.com/pumII.html. David Keirsey, Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence, (Prometheus Nemesis, 1998; 350p.).
[7] See www.sigmaassessmentsystems.com/sfpq.htm. Other personality measures include: the BPI (Basic Personality Inventory), CAB (Coolidge Assessment Battery), CPS (Carlson Psychological Survey), JPI-R (Jackson Personality Inventory-Revised), LDR (Leadership Development Report), NEO-FFI (NEO Five Factor), NEO-PI-R (NEO Personality Inventory-Revised), OSI-R (Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised), PAI (Personality Assessment Inventory), PRF (Personality Research Form), PSI (Personality Screening Inventory), PT (Psicologico Texto), RADS-2 (Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale-2), SRES (Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale), STAXI-2 (State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2), SIQ (Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire), and SWS (Survey of Work Styles).
[8] See www.pearsonassessments.com tests/tjta.htm. The T-JTA asks 180 questions measuring nine continuums: Nervous / Composed, Depressive / Light-Hearted, Active-Social / Quiet, Expressive-Responsive / Inhibited, Sympathetic / Indifferent, Subjective / Objective, Dominant / Submissive, Hostile / Tolerant, Self-Disciplined / Impulsive. Other tests include the 16PF, Bender-Gestalt II, BHI (Battery for Health Improvement), CAARS (Conner’s Adult ADHD Rating Scale), GZTS (Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey), MCMI-III (Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III), MIPS (Millon Index of Personality Styles), MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2), Rorschach, TAT (Thematic Apperception Test), VMI (Beery VMI or the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration).
[9] From 1 Corinthians 12 with Romans 12 adding 14-18. No matter what you believe about the gifts of healing, miracles, tongues (and to a lesser degree prophecy), most of the other gifts are readily accepted as active today. Compare Bill Bright, The Holy Spirit (Campus Crusade, 1980): 221.
[10] Taken from Col. 3:12-17; Phil. 2:2-3; Eph. 4:2-3, 32; Gal. 5:22-23; Rom. 14:17, 15:4-5; and 2 Cor. 6:4-10; and charted by Glen H. Stassen and David P. Gushee, Kingdom Ethics: Following Jesus in Contemporary Context (InterVarsity, 2003): 50.
[11] Matthew 5:3-10: see Stassen and Gushee, Kingdom Ethics (InterVarsity, 2003): 32-54.
[12] Christopher Peterson and Martin E. P. Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004; 816p.): 47. On the four cardinal virtues, the parenthetical is from Kenneth E. Kirk, “Cardinal Virtues” in Boulton, Kennedy, Verhey’s From Christ to the World: Introductory Readings in Christian Ethics (Eerdmans, 1994): 240, “Through the medium of Cicero’s “De Officiis” St. Ambrose first of all, and then his successors, drew from Plato and Aristotle that Greek classification which has always gone by the name of the cardinal virtues—prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. But Christian theology did not adopt them in any slavish spirit of imitation. It reinterpreted them and filled them with a Christian content.” Referencing Kirk’s Some Principles of Moral Theology (Longman, Greeen, 1920) and for Thomas Aquinas’ view between the cardinal and minor virtues, see W. H. V. Reade, The Moral System of Dante’s Inferno (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909; 445 p.).
[13] See www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/apikefr.html, Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma (1871): chapter 1.
[14] William J. Bennett, The Book of Virtues (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1993).
[15] See http://billgothard.com/discipleship/49commands.php. Bill Gothard’s first Basic Youth Conflicts Seminar was taught in 1965 as a course at Wheaton College. In 1971, a third of a million youth and adults attended the seminar. To date, over 2.5 million people have gone through the thirty-two-hour course. The 49 virtues are referenced to commands as follows, for a few: 1. Repent (Mt 4:17), 2. Follow Me (Mt 4:19), 3. Rejoice (Mt 5:12), 4. Let Your Light Shine (Mt 5:16), 5. Honor God’s Law (Mt 5:17–18), 6. Be Reconciled (Mt 5:24–25), etc.
[16] Bill Bright, The Holy Spirit: the Key to Supernatural Living (San Bernardino, CA: Campus Crusade for Christ International, 1980; 279). With chapter 17 being “Love: God’s Greatest Gift,” Bright brings out the 8 virtues of Love in the successive chapters (18-25). Bright made famous the “Four Spiritual Laws” (God Loves you, man is sinful and separated, Jesus Christ the only provision, and must receive Jesus), the “Spirit-filled Life” is a life with Christ on the throne bring all areas of life in control and order, the analogy of a train with fact as the engine, faith as the coal car, and feeling as the caboose indicated the simplicity of mind over feeling in submitting to the Holy Spirit’s control. Since that time, some questions have evolved over the issues denial on the negative side and the importance of an attenuation to feelings for good health on the other side—even in a good Christian’s life, where even Jesus wept and had extreme passion.
[17] See www.nadn.navy.mil/CharacterDevelopment/ for a summary of its character building program: “The goal of the character development division is to integrate the moral, ethical, and character development of midshipmen across every aspect of the Naval Academy experience. The integrated character development program is the single most important feature that distinguishes the Naval Academy from other educational institutions and officer commissioning sources.”
[18] Frank H. Farley, “How to be great!” Psychology Today (Nov 01, 1995).
See www.psychologytoday.com/htdocs/prod/ptoarticle/pto-19951101-000035. See Merlin C. Wittrock and Frank Farley, eds., The Future of Educational Psychology (Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1989; 211p.); Roswith Roth and Frank Farley, eds., The Spiritual Side of Psychology at Century’s End (Proceedings of the 57th Convention, International Council of Psychologists, August 15-19, 1999, Salem, Massachusetts, USA; Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science Publishers, 2002; 279p.), Jan Strelau, Frank H. Farley, Anthony Gale, eds., The Biological Bases of Personality and Behavior (Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp.; McGraw-Hill, 1985); Frank H. Farley, and Neal J. Gordon, eds., Psychology and Education: the State of the union Union (Berkeley, CA: McCutchan, 1981; 405p.).
[19] See http://cornerstonevalues.org/biblio.htm, the New Zealand Foundation for Character Education Inc., and note that Weston Primary School in North Otago, New Zealand, has classified the picture book section of its library under the eight cornerstone values.
[20] Eric H. Erikson, Childhood and Society (2nd Ed.; NY: Norton, 1963); Insight and Responsibility (NY: Norton, 1964); Identity: Youth and Crisis (NY: Norton, 1968); The Life Cycle Completed (NY: Norton, 1982). Erikson’s influence cannot be overestimated to all facets of psychology, and his insights have such a clear ring of truth that much of his material on developmental stages has been transported into and expanded upon in theology and pastoral care.
[21] The
hierarchy of needs was recast into virtues and strengths by Peterson and
Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification
(Oxford Univ., 2004; 816p.): 63; Abraham Maslow’s has been formative but not as
pervasive as Erikson; see Abraham Maslow, Religions, Values, and Peak
Experiences (NY: Penquin, 1964), Motivation and Personality (2nd
Ed.; NY: Harper & Row, 1970).
[22] Christopher Peterson and Martin E. P. Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004; 816p.).: 29-30. This massive and significant contribution shall become a classic in positive-preventative psychology, gathering together most of the secular psychological studies having a bearing upon the meaning and development of character. Moreover, for Christian theologians (and those of other religions), herein psychology has proved the value of values and of noble behavior as good for the soul and society. The bibliography has more technical journals relating to character than another work to date (that I am aware of). They left no psychological nook or cranny out.
[23] Leo Buscalia, Living, Loving, and Learning, edited by Steven Short, from Bascalia’s lectures worldwide between 1970 and 1981 (NY: Ballantine, 1982): 83-84. See www.buscaglia.com.
[24] Christopher Peterson and Martin E. P. Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004; 816p.): 46. Magnificence refers to tasteful spending on honorable things like sacrifices or warships, and greatness of soul refers to thinking of oneself worthy of things and honor in particular. For Aristotle, virtue is an acquired skill learned through trail and error, gained from reasoning and experience through a course of action between two extremes (deficiency or excess); so generosity is the mean between wastefulness and stinginess, and courage is the mean between cowardice and rashness.
[25] Peterson and Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues (Oxford Univ. Press, 2004): 69. These are personality traits with correlations to virtues. These come from Warren T. Norman (“Toward an Adequate Taxonomy of Personality Attributes: Replicated Factor Structure in Peer Nomination Personality Ratings,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 66 [1963]: 574-583); according to Peterson and Seligman, Norman’s five groups came from lexical studies originating with Gordon Allport and Henry Odbert who through an unabridged dictionary and identified thousands of English words that referred to personality traits, with their largest category being “social evaluation” (Allport & Odbert, “Trait-names: A Psycho-Lexical Study,” Psychological Monographs [Whole No. 211, 1936]). See G. W. Allport, Personality: A Psychological Interpretation (NY: Holt, 1937) and Pattern and Growth in Personality (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961).
[26] Mark Rutland, Character Matters: Nine Essential Traits You Need to Succeed (Lake Mary, FL: Charisma House, 2003; 153p.).
[27] See www.charactered.net.
[28] Joseph & Edna Josephson Institute of Ethics is a public-benefit, nonprofit membership organization founded by Michael Josephson in honor of his parents to improve the ethical quality of society by advocating principled reasoning and ethical decision making. Since 1987, over 100,000 including high-ranking public executives, congressional staff, editors, judges, and lawyers, and police officers have been trained, and many schools and institutions have initiated Character Counts programs on this model. See www.josephsoninstitute.org and www.charactercounts.org, the latter ranking top at Google.com.
Also, many states and institutions across the country have taken, assimilated, or emulated Character Counts programs. For example, the California Dept. of Ed. took initiatives to develop character in youth (www.cde.ca.gov/ci/cr/ce/), instituted state guidelines, helped sponsor the California Partnership for Character Education (CPCE) whose advisory boards includes reps from over 25 agencies and governmental entities (www.youthcitizenship.org/cpce/index.html).
At http://caracas.soehd.csufresno.edu/bonnercenter/promisingpractices/grade.htm, the CA state board has instituted character education, stating “Effective schools seek to develop and reinforce character traits, such as caring, citizenship, fairness, respect, responsibility, and trustworthiness, through a systematic approach that includes adult modeling, curriculum integration, a positive school climate, and access to comprehensive guidance and counseling services.” They quote Martin Luther King, jr., as saying, “Intelligence plus character—that is the goal of true education.”
[29] See www.school-for-champions.com/character/franklin_virtues.htm. Ron Kurtus indicated Franklin’s use of these in his Poor Richard’s Almanack and life.
[30] Ron Kurtus’s exposition www.school-for-champions.com/character/boy_scouts.htm. See official Boy Scouts of America (BSA) site at www.scouting.org: their oath is “On my honor I will do my best; To do my duty to God and my country and to obey the Scout Law; To help other people at all times; To keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight.” BSA claim they are “the nation’s foremost youth program of character development and values-based leadership training,” and few would doubt with over 3 million served, 53,380 packs, 44,335 troops, 20,992 crews, 8,042 teams serving 41,271,251 hours and awarding 49,151 Eagle Scout awards in 2003.
[31] See www.characterbuilding.com: The foundation of the Character Classics program is a series of specially selected well-known classical melodies, which the Character Building Company has recorded along with catchy and innovative contemporary character-building lyrics. Children hear and learn about music from the world's most recognized classical composers like Mozart, Bach, Mendelssohn, Strauss, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, and many others.
[32] Stephen R. Covey @ www.franklincovey.com/foryou/articles/seven.html, article “Seven Habits Revisited: Seven Unique Human Endowments” (11-1991). Covey very popular The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People: Restoring the Character Ethic (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1989; the sub-title now being “Powerful Lessons In Personal Change”; 340p.) has sold over 10 million and been a national best seller. See also Covey’s The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Families: Building a Beautiful Family Culture in a Turbulent World (NY: Golden Books, 1997; 390p.). Covey has been a very successful business-leadership seminar motivator, teaching some of the top executives of the top Fortune 500 companies.
[33] See www.eharmony.com/core/eharmony?cmd=dimensions. Most of the diverse questions center around 24 areas: 1. Personal Values, 2. Energy, 3. Family Background, 4. Honesty, 5. Enjoy Presence, 6. Dependability, 7. Intelligence, 8. Sex Appeal, 9. Love of Children, 10. Beliefs, 11. Fun-Loving, 12. Physical, 13. Chemistry, 14. Security with Them, 15. Similarities, 16. Romantic Attraction, 17. Personality, 18. Kindness, 19. Sexual Compatibility, 20. Ability to Communicate, 21. Skill Resolving Conflicts, 22. Friendliness, 23. Ability Emotional Intimacy, 24. Friendship Between.
[34] See www.eharmony.com and Neil Clark Warren’s Finding the Love of Your Life (Focus on the Family, 1992; 166p.). There are several other works on the site, including: Date ... or Soul Mate? How to Know If Someone Is Worth Pursuing In Two Dates Or Less; Catching the Rhythm of Love; Learning to Live with the Love of Your Life.
[35] The 87 are: warm, clever, dominant, ambitious, outgoing, agreeable, modest, submissive, lazy, introverted, aloof, quarrelsome, cold, gregarious, arrogant, impulsive, stable, energetic, spiritual, adventuresome, frugal, predictable, affectionate, organized, intelligent, compassionate, attractive, loyal, witty, neat, content, humorous, efficient, artistic, perfectionist, creative, spontaneous, sensitive, under-achiever, uncomplicated, generous, intellectual, moral, disciplined, adaptable, communicative, honest, sensual, liberal, charming, patient, reliable, resilient, optimistic, conservative, passionate, reflective, caring, genuine, open, self-aware, competitive, over-achiever, vivacious, wise, bossy, leader, irritable, show-off, independent, kind, calm, courageous, aggressive, persistent, outspoken, follower, rational, opinionated, restless, romantic, selfish, shy, stubborn, trusting, jealous.
[36] James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge: How to Get Extraordinary Things Done in Organizations (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987). This book is a hundredfold more substantive than Covey’s 7 habits in concrete examples and raw data, and there is a substantial bibliography. It began in 1983 as a research project where surveys were collected from 550 and another 780 managers, and these were compared to 42 in-depth interviews and then all of that was collated into an inventory for 3,000 managers and subordinates. Kouzes was president of Tom Peters Group Learning Systems, made famous by Tom Peters and Robert H. Waterman’s best selling In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best-run Companies (1st ed.; NY: Harper & Row, 1982; 360p.; so popular, a 2004 edition is out by HarperBusiness Essentials).
[37] James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, Credibility—How Leaders Gain and Lose It, Why People Demand It (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993): 14, from 15,000 survey, “a” from 1993 U.S. respondents percentage of people selecting, and “b” from 1987 respondents. This supplement to their Leadership Challenge is as ground-breaking and substantive, and full of case studies and concrete examples.
[38] James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, Credibility: How Leaders Gain and Lose It, Why People Demand It (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993): 1-26, chapter 1.
[39] Christopher Peterson and Martin E. P. Seligman studied many dozens of groups of virtues in collaboration with many scholars and then distilled their work into their massive Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (Oxford Univ. Press, 2004; 816p.).
[40] See www.teachingcharacter.com.
[41] See www.characterbuilding.com/abcbook.htm; Mark Bell at Magine That, P.O. Box 159, Grapevine, TX 76099, Phone: 817-491-8773: “Each trait is briefly defined, and a poem elaborates on that definition. A second poem applies each trait to a child's everyday experience, with a whimsical illustration that even young children can understand. Children will love the amusing poems and illustrations and adults will appreciate learning exactly what each character traits means.”
[42] See www.character.org: “Character education holds that widely shared, pivotally important, core ethical values—such as caring, honesty, fairness, responsibility, and respect for self and others—form the basis of good character. A school committed to character development stands for these values (sometimes referred to as "virtues" or "character traits"), defines them in terms of behaviors that can be observed in the life of the school, models these values, studies and discusses them, uses them as the basis of human relations in the school, celebrates their manifestations in the school and community, and holds all school members accountable to standards of conduct consistent with the core values.”
[43] See www.collegevalues.org/bestprograms.cfm.
[44] See www.newadvent.org/cathen/03584b.htm.
[45] James L. Holly. The Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (3 vols. Beaumont, TX: Mission and Ministry to Men, 1992; 1993, vols. 1 & 2 combined; 1994 edition, vol. 3, has a critique of “A study of Freemasonry” and “A report on Freemasonry” including a response to Dr. William Gordon’s “The SBC and Freemasonry, Volume I” and a cumulative index to all three volumes.).
[46] Michael G. Maness, Heart of the Living God: Love, Free Will, Foreknowledge, Heaven: a Theology of the Treasure of Love (AuthorHouse, 2005; 706p.).
[47] James L. Holly’s Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (1992-94, 3v.): I:42.
[48] Personal e-mail from James L. Holly dated March 16, 2005, 6:35 AM.
[49] Personal reponse dated March 16, 2005, 7:05 PM. He was using plain text, so I responded in the same, which does not allow italics in such e-mails.
[50] Personal e-mail to James L. Holly dated 3-18-2005, 5:18 AM. Diction correction made.
[51] James L. Holly, Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (1992-94, 3v.): III:77.
[52] James L. Holly, Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (1992-94, 3v.): III:176.
[53] James L. Holly, Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (1992-94, 3v.): III:176, quoting John J. Robinson, A Pilgrim’s Path: Freemasonry and the Religious Right (1993; 178p.): 48.
[54] That is seen in a careful reading of the quote from Robinson that Holly uses and abuses out of context.
[55] John J. Robinson, A Pilgrim’s Path: Freemasonry and the Religious Right (1993; 178p.).
[56] Revelation 22:16, NIV, capital letter emphasis theirs.
[57] See pages 373-433, of these ministers influential to Christianity, these 24 were not Founding Fathers: Gratian (c.1100-1155), John Wycliffe (1320-1384), John Huss (c.1373-1415; who is called by Barton a Catholic priest), Martin Luther (1483-1546; called by Barton “Rev. Martin Luther,” when actually he was Catholic priest trying to reform—that was a strange appellation), William Tyndale (1490-1536; never came to America), Richard Hooker (1553-1600), Roger Williams (1603-1684), James Blair (1658-1743), William Penn (1644-1718), Cotton Mather (1662-1727), Jonathan Dickinson (1688-1747), Jonathan Edwards (1703-1753), Aaron Burr (1715-1757), Samuel Finley (1715-1766), Samuel Davies (1723-1761), Richard Allen (1760-1831, 16 years old at Declaration) Abner Kneeland (1774-1844; 2 years old at Declaration), David Lawrence Morril (1772-1849; 4 years old at Declaration), William Ellery Channing (1780-1842), William Cogswell (1787-1850), Charles Finney (1792-1875), Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), James Garfield (1831-1881).
[58] William R. Denslow’s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.).
[59] David Barton, Original Intent (2004, 1st 2000; 534p.): 317.
[60] David Barton, Original Intent (2004, 1st 2000; 534p.).
[61] Men 16 Years Old+ in 1776.
[62] Men Born 1761+ & Before 1774: 16 Years Old+ by 1789.
[63] Founding Era – 1760-1805 – Born 1775, Not Founders But Children at Founding, < 16 Years Old by 1789.
[64] Bishop Richard Watson, English Clergy.
[65] Outside Barton’s Founding Era – Born Before 1760.
[66] Outside Barton’s Founding Era as Adults – Born After 1773, Children, < 16 Years in 1789.
[67] Founding Era – 1760-1805 – 16 Years Old & Older in 1776 – But NOT Founders or New Residents
[68] See for starters William R. Denslow’s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), Hubert Stewart Banner’s These Men Were Masons: a Series of Biographies of Masonic Significance (1934; 258p.), George W. Baird’s Great American Masons (1924; 109p.), Ronald E. Heaton’s Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (1965; 164p.), Justices of the Supreme Court identified as Masons (1968, 41p.), Heaton’s Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army (1960; 56p.), Ronald E. Heaton and James R. Case’s The Lodge at Fredericksburgh: a Digest of the Early Records (1975; 95p.).
[69] Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (1987; 268p.): 125-143.
[70] William R. Denslow’s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), cannot confirm, but indicates letter from John Francis Mercer, governor of Maryland, congratulating him on becoming one (a letter doubted) and a letter treasured by Dolly Madison where Madison took dinner with Andrew Jackson with Masons, and Heaton indicates one of the best sources were the anti-Mason attacks on Madison. Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (Washington: Masonic Service Association, 1965; 164p.), notes similar and indicates letter by Madison admitting uncertain knowledge of Masonry.
[71] William R. Denslow’s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), cannot confirm, but gives evidence of presence at a lodge likely to him (only one of that name commissioned by Washington) and his son was a member and past master. Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (Washington: Masonic Service Association, 1965; 164p.), notes the lack of certain evidence.
[72] Not including Thomas Jefferson (who probably was) or Benjamin Rush who resigned.
[73] Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (Washington: Masonic Service Association, 1965; 164p.): 48, no doubt, was listed with 47 at Grand Lodge, but no record of where he was made a Mason; Heaton thinks it possible he was made a Mason in British regimental lodge.
[74] See chapter above on Famous Freemasons for fuller note: on Patrick Henry (1736-1799) being a Freemason, Denslow in his 10,000 Famous Freemasons said, “There are many references to his being a Freemason, particularly by grand lodge orators in the 1800’s, but no satifactory evidence of his membership. It is possible that he was a member of old Tappahannock Lodge of Virginia whose records are lost. There was at one time a Patrick Henry Lodge No. 140 in Partrick Co., Va. There is a Masonic apron in existence that is reported to have belonged to him. It was exhibited at one time in Lexington Lodge No. 1, Lexington, Ky.”
[75] See for starters William R. Denslow’s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.): II:20.
[76] Ronald E. Heaton places him in category II, of uncertain membership, but it is likely because of his close association with Washington; there is a card in the Grand Lodge of PN that makes reference to his “reported a member, but doubtful.”
[77] William R. Denslow, 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), says there is no proof, but there are many of the time who thought it he was. And he wrote a letter to Washington with certain Freemasonry knowledge and sympathies. The same for Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (Washington: Masonic Service Association, 1965; 164p.).
[78] William R. Denslow, 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), cannot confirm, but indicates letter from John Francis Mercer, governor of Maryland, congratulating him on becoming one (a letter doubted) and a letter treasured by Dolly Madison where Madison took dinner with Andrew Jackson with Masons, and Heaton indicates one of the best sources were the anti-Mason attacks on Madison. Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (Washington: Masonic Service Association, 1965; 164p.), notes similar and indicates letter by Madison admitting uncertain knowledge of Masonry.
[79] William R. Denslow, 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), cannot confirm, but gives evidence of presence at a lodge likely to him (only one of that name commissioned by Washington) and his son was a member and past master. Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (1965; 164p.), notes the lack of certain evidence.
[80] William R. Denslow’s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.): II:3-4; David Barton, Original Intent: The Courts, the Constitution, and Religion (1997; 534p.): 387p., with no mention of Freemasonry connection.
[81] LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (1987): 144-183, list of Christians, some clergy.
[82] LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (1987): 203-232, Christians signed Constitution.
[83] LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (1987): 203-232, Christian delegates who did not sign.
[84] Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army (1960); these 33 are confirmed Freemasons with lodge records, and Heaton includes two other sections of those suspected but not confirmed, with photos where available, a facsimile of signature, and both military and Masonic bios of each.
[85] These come from William R. Denslow’s 10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957, 4v.), Ronald E. Heaton’s Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army (1960), Hubert Stewart Banner’s These Men Were Masons: a Series of Biographies of Masonic Significance (1934; 258p.), George W. Baird’s Great American Masons (1924; 109p.), Ronald E. Heaton’s Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers (1965; 164p.), Justices of the Supreme Court identified as Masons (1968, 41p.), Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army (1960; 56p.), Ronald E. Heaton and James R. Case’s The Lodge at Fredericksburgh: a Digest of the Early Records (1975; 95p.).
[86] Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army (1960): 27.
[87] Edmund Burke (1729-1797), Observations on a Late State of the Nation (London: s.n., 1769. 94p.), On Empire, Liberty, and Reform: Speeches and Letters (Edited by David Bromwich. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. 526p.), On Conciliation with the Colonies, and other papers on the American Revolution (Edited by Peter J. Stanlis; illustrated with wood engravings by Lynd Ward. Lunenburg, VT: Printed for the members of the Limited Editions Club at the Stinehour Press, 1975. 267p.), On the American Revolution; Selected Speeches and Letters (NY: Harper & Row, 1966. 220p.).
[88] Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army: 28.
[89] Society of the Cincinnati was a fraternity organized as the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783 for officers of the Continental Army before it was disbanded—had to be an officer to join or oldest male descendent—George Washington was made national president.
[90] Ronald
E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental
Army: 78. Full account of his life is given in The Daily Star,
Fredericksburg, VA, April 11, 1992.
[91] Ronald E. Heaton, Masonic Membership of the General Officers of the Continental Army: 10.
[92] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry: The Southern Baptist Investigation of the Fraternal Order (NY: M. Evans & Co., 1995).
[93] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 99.
[94] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 99.
[95] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 100.
[96] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 101.
[97] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 101, with quote originating from Roy Waddle and Greg Warner, “Study Easy on Masonry; Holly Questions Objectivity,” Baptist Press (March 18, 1993).
[98] James L. Holly, Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (1992-94, 3v.): 8.
[99] Ibid., 7: from the Louisiana Masonic Monitor” quote in James L. Holly, The Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry (1992-94, 3v.): 7.
[100] Yet I could have overlooked it somewhere in my rush over the slush ponds.
[101] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 104.
[102] Gary Leazer, Fundamentalism & Freemasonry (1995): 186.
[103] I suspect, though I have never been there, and I do not plan on going.